第二节 细节题数学式阅读公式及真题点评
一、普通细节题阅读公式
题干关键词+正确答案≈原文含有题干关键词的一句话
原文含有题干关键词的一句话——题干关键词≈正确答案
阅读中细节题部分的题目很有规律性，其出题原则就是考查考生对文章中支持主旨的细节部分某一句话或相邻的某几句话的理解，而出题者就根据原文中的这些句子先编出细节题的题干和正确答案选项，然后再添加适当的干扰项。因此对于一道细节题而言，就如第一个细节题阅读公式所示，其题干和正确答案之和就是原文中直接含有题干关键词的一句话或含有题干关键词的原文上下文中的某一句话。在真正解题时，考生可以利用第二个细节题阅读公式，并按照以下的具体做题步骤来解题即可。
具体做题步骤：①根据题干中具有提示作用的关键词回到原文中迅速定位，找出原文中带有该关键词或该词同义词的语句。②去掉原句与题干重复的表述，所剩部分通常便是答案所在。③以剩余部分为依据，在答案选项中寻找与之相似的表达。
在运用此种方法做题时，辨别题干中的哪一部分是具有提示作用的关键词和寻找与原文表述相似的答案选项是做题的关键所在。题干中具有提示作用的关键词通常是人名、地名、专有名词、时间，以及与文章主题密切相关的核心词语、带有引号等特殊标点符号的词语。由于这些词语在文章中出现时都较为醒目，因此以这些词语为依据就可以迅速找到该题在原文中的出处，节省做题时间。在同等学力阅读测试中作为正确答案的选项很少会和原文的表述完全相同，通常会对原文答案部分进行同义词、近义词替换或做句子结构方面的调整，比如：原文用的是主动语态，答案选项可能变成被动语态；原文用的是肯定句，而答案选项改成双重否定句等。这就要求考生能够掌握本书在第一篇中所涉及的词汇和句子。
例1：
On the other hand，don’t expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs，unless those subjects directly involve the United States.Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations，some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.（2001年第一篇）
Question：
According to the passage，Americans are inclined to ignore the rest of the world because.
A.they are not interested in other countries
B.they are too proud of themselves
C.their country does not have many neighboring nations
D.They are too busy to learn about other countries
本题中的大写字母单词是很好的提示词，可以帮助读者很快回到原文中定位，特别要注意题干和答案选项中出现的同义词替换。“tend to”和“are inclined to”是同义词；正确答案C是原文中“the United States is not surrounded by many other nations”的另一种说法。
例2：
In the 1997 general-election campaign，“Education，Education”was Tony Blair’s pet phrase.Times change quickly.Education is going rapidly out of fashion.“Learning”（to be exact）is New Labour’s buzzword（时髦语）.The shift from“education”to“learning”reflects more than a change.It stems from both educational research and left-ideas.During the 1980s，British educationalists got some new American ideas.One was the notion that traditional examinations do not test the full range of people’s abilities.Another was the belief that skills are not necessarily learned from teachers in an conventional classroom.People can pick them up in all sorts of ways.（2000年第六篇）
Question：
According to the writer，the shift from“education”to“learning”＿＿＿.
A.is nothing but a change of language
B.reflects the traditional ideas in education
C.reflects the government’swish to restrict choices
D.is not just a change of language
细节题中带有特殊标点的单词也是很好的信号词。正确答案选项将原文中的more than替换成了相似的说法not just。
上述这些例子是细节题最普遍、最基本的出题模式。从上述例子的分析可以发现当套用这套细节题阅读公式做题时找出细节题的答案，在大多数情况下根本不需要仔细斟酌句子的含义，就像解代数题一样，只不过代数题是用数字来替换代数式中的A、B、C或X、Y，而细节阅读题是同义词、同义结构来替换原文中关键部分的表述。
但是，有些细节题不像上述这些例子这么简单，考生往往不能直接从原文含有题干关键词的句子中找到答案。在这类细节题中，原文包含题干关键词的句子只是题干的重述，而正确答案在该句的相邻语句中。这时必须找到答案在原文的正确位置，然后再套用细节题公式做题。
例3：
Although the threat of global warming known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem，we also know that the effects of measures，especially harsh measures taken in some countries，would be mollified（抵消）if other countries do not control their emissions.Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO2，in the atmosphere，this path is not feasible for several reasons.Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy.Important and populous lowor-medium-income countries are not willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.In addition，the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.（1999年第四篇）
Question：
According to the author，it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because＿＿＿＿.
A.some people are irresponsible
B.it would cause a collapse of the world economy
C.it is only a goal to be reached in the future
D.some people are lacking in imagination
最有提示作用的题干关键词应当是“cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally”，特别是数字“60%”的提示作用。因此很容易找到问题的出处是在第二段第二句话。但这句话完全是题干的翻版，本身并不包含答案，要根据“this path is not feasible for several reasons”这句话的提示在下文中找答案。紧随其后的这句话“Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy”才是答案。B选项中用代词“it”代替了“Such deep cuts”；用“collapse”代替了“breakdown”，进行了同义词替换。
例4：
In 1992，many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles，seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters.This event was triggered by the verdict（裁定）in the Rodney King beating.We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments，and most people，who had seen the video of this beating，could not understand how the jury（陪审团）was able to acquit（宣布无罪）the policemen involved.Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events.This can have harmful results，as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles.By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading，“Can we all get along？”by Saturday，television seemed to provide positive feedback as Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace.The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools.Because of that，many people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding（展开）on television.The real healing，of course，will take much longer，but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.（1999年第三篇）
Question：
The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because＿＿＿＿.
A.video coverage from helicopters had made people angry
B.video coverage had provided powerful feedback
C.the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King
D.people can make their own judgments
根据题干中的关键词“The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out”回到原文第三段段首第二句话可知正确答案应是C选项所表达的原因。在这里应注意原文中表示起因的动词“trigger”（引起）的提示作用和“This”的指代作用。
从上面两个例子，可以看出做细节题的共同点是原文包含题干关键词的句子和其后的句子联系非常密切，而这种紧密关系都是通过运用我们在第一章中讲到的指代词的连接作用来实现的。
阅读文章细节题中的90%都可以套用本节的细节题公式来做题，在使用这一公式时要注意以下几点：第一，要准确判断题干关键词，这是做题速度的保障。因为很多时候整个题干很长，而且并非所有信息都重要，这时能准确抓住最有提示意义的关键词，就不必满篇乱找，可以节省做题时间。第二，一定要回原文中定位，这是做题正确率的保障。一定要回原文中找出包含题干部分的句子，不能只根据自己的记忆或理解来做题。一般的读者在速读完一篇文章后，可能会对文章的大意有所了解，但不太可能记清文章的所有细节，因此仅靠记忆做细节题是很不准确的。而细节题是各类阅读题目中占比重最多的也是最容易得分的，因此，一定要保证细节题的正确率。第三，要注意比对正确答案选项和原文的异同之处，这是培养语感的关键。在每次做完细节题后，拿出一点时间来比对一下正确答案和原句的说法，注意总结什么样的表达可以算做同义替换，这样，久而久之，就会培养出对正确答案的一种特殊的“好感”，也就是我们所说的语感。
二、特殊细节题阅读公式
1.例子说明题：正确答案≈例子之前或之后的一句概述
在阅读中，除了普通的细节题之外，还有一类特殊的细节题，那就是例子说明题。这种例子说明题通常是通过运用某个事例，提问作者要说明什么。这类题目虽特殊，但并不难做。文章中任何具体事例的作用都是要说明一个较为抽象、较为概括的实例、理论或观点。做题的关键就是怎样在文章中快速准确地找到这些概括的实例、理论或观点。根据本书第一章所讲的文章段落结构可知：英文段落最常见的是先总述后分述的结构，其次就是先分述后总述的结构，也就是说，表达段落中心意思的概括语句常出现在段首或段末，段落中间通常是用来阐述这些概括语句的分述部分。而分述部分最常见的阐述技巧之一就是列举具体事例，因此，找到例子说明的内容，不能紧紧盯着例子本身研究，而应该绕过例子，找到它前面或后面的一句概括语。做题的具体步骤应当是：根据题干中有提示意义的关键词，迅速回原文找到该例子的出处，然后再绕过例子看概述。
例1：
A status has been compared to ready-made clothes.Within certain limits the buyer can choose style and fabric.But an American is not free to choose the costume（服装）of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince.We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society.Further more，our choice is limited to a size that will fit，as well as by our pocketbook（钱包）.Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made，but apart from minor adjustments，we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks.Statuses too come ready made，and the range of choice among them is limited.
Question：
By saying that“an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a Hindu prince”（Lines 2-3，Para.3），the writer means＿＿＿＿.
A.different people have different styles of clothes
B.ready-made clothes may need alterations
C.statuses come ready made just like clothes
D.our choice of statuses is limited
根据本题题干中的三个大写的单词“American”、“Chinese”和“Hindu”，很容易找到题干在文章中的位置。这句话是作为该段分述部分的一个具体例子来说明该段段首和段末表达的段落主旨：人的身份、地位是既定的，就像成衣一样，人们在做选择时是受限的。段落是典型的总—分—总的结构。因此，正确答案应当是D选项。
例2：
While still in its early stages，welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states—at least in getting people off welfare.It’s estimated that more than 2 million people have left the rolls since 1994.
In the past four years，welfare rolls in Athens County have been out in half.But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than$6 an hour.The result：the Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent—twice the national average.
For advocates（代言人）for the poor，that’s an indication much more needs to be done.“More people are getting jobs，but it’s not making their lives any better.”Says Kathy Lairn，a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities in Washington.
Question：
What is worth noting from the example of Athens County is that＿＿＿＿.
A.greater efforts should be made to improve people’s living standards
B.70 percent of the people there have been employed for two years
C.50 percent of the population no longer relies on welfare
D.the living standards of most people are going down
根据题干的关键词“Athens County”，可以很快找到原文第二段是这个例子的出处。这个例子给出了具体的数字，指出了在Athens County虽然接受救济的人数减少了，但是该地区的贫困程度却没有改善。根据第三段第一句中“that”的指代作用，我们可以判断该句就是这个例子所说明的问题：还要做更多的工作才能真正地提高人们的生活水平。正确答案A选项就是该句同义的表述。
例3：
Diego Chiapello，legally blind since birth，isn’t one of Italy’s famous“mama’s boys”who live with their parents into adulthood.The 27-year-old lives alone in Milan，works as a network administrator，loves diving and dreams of sailing across the Atlantic with a sightimpaired（有视力障碍的）crew.
Obviously，he’s not your average disabled person—but especially so in Italy.The country has more barriers to integration than almost anywhere else on the continent：among European countries，Italy ranks third from the bottom in accessibility for the disabled，ahead of only Greece and Portugal，People who use wheelchairs，especially，find it difficult to navigate the country’s cobblestone（鹅卵石）streets，ride buses or visit restaurants，shops and museums.Less than a quarter of Italy’s disabled hold jobs compared with 47 percent for Europe.（2004年第三篇）
Question：
In this passage，Chiapello is cited as an example of＿＿＿＿.
A.unusual disabled Italians
B.courageous blind sailors
C.typical handicapped people
D.vulnerable disabled Europeans
根据“Chiapello”可以回到原文中定位，但仅从第一段的例子中很难概括出正确答案，这时应当注意到第二段的第一句话“Obviously，he is not your average disabled person”，这是承上启下的过渡句，根据“he”的指代作用不难判断A是正确答案。选项中的“unusual”是“not average”的同义词。
在运用例子说明题的公式做题时，要记住两个关键点：一是要明确例子所出现的原文的段落结构和段落主旨；二是要能区分什么是概括的表述，什么是具体的细节。还要纠正一个错误习惯，那就是不能纠缠在例子本身的叙述中，不能一叶障目。这类题目在同等学力人员考研英语阅读考试中并不多见，因此更重要的是考生能够掌握此类题目的做题思路，特别是概述和例子之间在语义上有互为说明的关系。
2.NOT TRUE或EXCEPT题：正确答案≠原文中某一句话的表达
在本章的第一节中我们已经详细介绍过此类题目的出题特征和答题的主要思路，在这我们将主要的答题思路归纳为上面的公式，以此可以应对绝大部分在历年阅读真题中已经出现过的此类题目。
例4：
Americans usually consider themselves a friendly people.Their friendships，however，tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures.It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their life-time，and consider other“friends”to be just social acquaintances.This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people.They tend to“compartmentalize”（划分）friendships，having“friends at work”，“friends on the softball team”，“family friends”，etc.
Because the United States is a highly active society，full of movement and change，people always seem to be on the go.In this highly charged atmosphere，Americans can sometimes seem brusque or impatient.They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else.Something，early on，they will ask you questions that you may feel are very personal.No insult is intended；the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity，and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter.And the same does for you.If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them，do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves.Americans are usually more eager to explain all about their country or anything“American”in which you may be interested.So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening.It doesn’t matter because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation.They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores，for example，than deal with silence.
On the other hand，don’t expect Americans to be know ledge able about international geography or world affairs，unless those subjects directly involve the United States.Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations，some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world.（2001年第一篇）
Question：
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage？
A.American do not like to depend on other people.
B.Friendships among Americans are prone to be casual.
C.Americans know a lot about international affairs.
D.Americans always seem to be busy.
正确答案为C选项。它与原文中最后一段第一句话“don’t expect American to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs”的意思正好相反。在这里关键词的替换是答案中的“know a lot about”替换了原文中的“be knowledgeable about”。而其他三个选项均与原文的表达一致。
例5：
In the 1997 general-election campaign，“Education，Education”was Tony Blair’s pet phrase.Times change quickly.Education is going rapidly out of fashion.“Learning”（to be exact）is New Labour’s buzzword（时髦语）.The shift from“education”to“learning”reflects more than a change.It stems from both educational research and left-ideas.During the 1980s，British educationalists got some new American ideas.One was the notion that traditional examinations do not test the full range of people’s abilities.Another was the belief that skills are not necessarily learned from teachers in an conventional classroom.People can pick them up in all sorts of ways.
All this echoed left-wing ideas that traditional teaching methods were not sufficiently adaptable to the needs of individual learners.Advocates of lifelong learning argue that it merely describes what has changed in education in the past decade.And there are now hundreds of schemes in which pupils learn outside of the classroom.
Until now，education has been changing from below.In the next few weeks，the government will help from above.One of its main projects for lifelong learning is about to begin its first pilot programmers.With funding of$44 million in its first year，it will coordinate a new network of“learning centers”throughout the country.Traditional institutions，such as schools and colleges，will provide training at some non-traditional places of learning，such as supermarkets，pubs，and churches.The theory is that in such p laces students w ill feel more at ease，and therefore w ill be better motivated，than in a classroom.
The new schemes allow consumers of education to exercise complete choice over where，what and when they learn.In the rest of the state-run education sectors（部门），the government still seem to be committed to restricting choices as much as possible.If these programs succeed，they could improve the skills of Britain’s workforce.（2000年第六篇）
Question：
All the following statements are true EXCEPT that＿＿＿＿.
A.pupils can learn skills outside the classroom
B.students will be better motivated in a classroom
C.the new schemes are intended to improve the skills of Britain’s workforce
D.traditional teaching methods cannot satisfy the needs of individual learners
正确答案为B选项。它与原文中第三段最后一句话的意思正好相反。原文在此处指出学生在超市、酒吧或教堂这些场所学习比在教室里学习更有动力。
我们在本章的第一节中已提到过此类题目经常会针对文章中的列举部分提问。这时，首先根据答案选项的提示，在文章中找到列举部分出现的位置，然后进行比照。
例6：
In the USA，85% of the population over the age of 21 approve of the death penalty.In the many states which still have the death penalty，some use the electrical chair，which can take up to 20minutes to kill，while other susegas or lethal injection.（1997年第一篇）
Question：
All of the following death penalty methods are mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________.
A.the electrical chair B.the lethal injection
C.the poisonous gas D.the shooting
这道题目就出现在原文有集中列举的地方，做起来比较容易，可根据原句列举的三项方式对照答案选项，便可得知正确答案是D选项。考生一定要熟悉这种集中列举在文章中的体现方式通常是跟在以下几种结构后：①并列关系，如：both...and...；not only...but also...；for one thing，...for another...；one...，the other...等。②举例，如：such...as；including...等。
例7：
For more than 10 years there has been a bigger rise in car crime than inmost other types of crime.An average of mote than two cars a minute are broken into，vandalized（破坏）or stolen in the UK.Car crime accounts for almost a third of all reported of fences with no signs that the trend is slowing down.
Although there are highly professional criminals involved in car theft，almost 90 percent of car crime is committed by the opportunist.Amateur thieves are aided by our carelessness.When the Automobile Associationx（AA）engineers surveyed one town centre car park last year，10 percent of cars checked were unlocked，a figure backed up by a Home Office national survey that found 12 percent of drivers sometimes left their cars unlocked.
The vehicles are sitting in petrol stations while drivers pay for their fuel.The AA has discovered that cars are left unattended for an average of three minutes—and sometimes much longer—as drivers buy drinks，cigarettes and other consumer items—and then pay at the counter With payment by credit card more and more common，it is not unusual for a driver to be out of his car for as long as six minutes providing the car thief with a golden opportunity.
In an exclusive AA survey，carried out at a busy garage on amain road out of London，300motorists were questioned over three days of the holiday period.24 percent admitted that they“always”or“sometimes”leave the keys in the car.This means that nationwide，a million cars daily become easy targets for the opportunist thief.
The AA recommends locking up whenever you leave the car—and for however short a period.A partially open sun roof or window is a further come-on to thieves.
Leaving valuables in view is an invitation to the criminal.A Manchester probationary（假释期）service research project，which interviewed almost 100 car thieves last year，found many would investigate a coat thrown on a seat.Never leave any documents showing your home address in the car.If you have a garage，use it and lock it—a garaged car is at substantially less risk.（2002年第四篇）
Question：
The researches mentioned in the passage on car theft include all the following EXCEPT＿＿＿＿.
A.checking private garages
B.interviewing motorists
C.questioning car thieves
D.examining parking lots
本题属于分散列举，可按照答案选项逐一回原文中定位，只有A是文中没有提到过的方式。分散列举做起来相对困难一些，可借助文中一些连接手段加以辨别，例如：first，...second...，third...；to begin with，...in addition，...moreover，...等。
在做细节题时，除了可以套用上面的各种公式外，考生还应该对选项有一定的辨别能力，了解干扰项和正确答案通常具备的一些特点，结合排除法做题，以确保准确率和阅读速度。
干扰项通常具有以下特征：
（1）照抄原文部分信息，有意给予一些遗漏；
（2）含有原文中没有涉及的内容；
（3）含有与原文相矛盾的内容；
（4）含有张冠李戴的内容（把A的特征加到B上）；
（5）偷梁换柱：与原文内容一半相同一半不同，即选项仍用文章中的句法结构和大部分内容，但更换关键词，造成实际意思上的改变；
（6）与原句内容相似，但过于绝对化，常含有only，everything，all，none，never，always，no，entirely，absolute等词。
正确答案选项通常具有以下特征：
（1）同义词替换；
（2）常含有一些不肯定的词，例如：some，sometimes，more...than...，not as...as，less等；
（3）正确答案选项常常在两个意思相近或相反的选项中。
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