◆第三章◆ 选词填空
选词填空是一种新题型，对于考生而言，既陌生又有一定的难度，具有较强的区分度。该题型考一篇长度为250个单词左右的文章，在文章中去除了10个单词，后面有15个单词选项，要求考生选择正确的单词填入文章。主要是通过给出具体的语境来考查学生的词汇运用和英语语法知识，考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理解。备选的单词中名词、动词居多，形容词和副词可能会分别出现3～4个。新题型和原来的词汇题相比，更注重实际运用，从单一的一句话考查上升到对篇章的理解。
一、解题步骤与技巧
1．解题步骤
1）阅读选项，词性分类
首先要仔细阅读选项。考生可以根据词性把每个单词进行分类归纳，如名词、动词、形容词、副词各有几个选项。
2）跳读全文，抓住中心
接着考生应该跳读全文，根据首段原则以及首末句原则，迅速抓出文章的主题。判定文章主题对于篇章的整体把握具有很大的积极意义。
3）瞻前顾后，灵活选择
在进行选择时，根据空格前后的语法关系判断应填入的词性，从而大大缩小选择范围。根据上下文的内在逻辑结构选择合适的选项填空。
4）复读全文，谨慎调整
填空完成后，再次复读全文，自我感觉上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯，如有问题，仍需谨慎地微作调整。对于模棱两可的空，在所选词和所剩词之间进行对比，确定最后答案，确保选择的正确性。
2．解题技巧
1）首先辨别词性
（1）不认识的单词可以通过词缀来判断（见后面词缀归纳）。
（2）认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性（尤其是对我们平时熟悉的单词，更要多考虑多词性的情况，需要在平时记忆单词时更加关注词性，以及一词多义）。如must，平时熟知此词作情态动词，但它也可作名词：Warm clothes are a must in the mountains．（在山区，保暖的衣服是绝对必要的。）
（3）动词归类要细分，是动词原形、过去分词、现在分词，还是第三人称单数，其形式需根据在句中的语法功能进行判断。
2）如果选项中出现一组近义词或反义词时，往往有一个是干扰选项。反义词考查考生对文章语境色彩的辨析，只要辨析考点所填单词是积极意义还是消极意义，就不难排除干扰项。近义词考查的是考生对词汇的精确理解和对词汇搭配用法的掌握，要求辨析其细微的区别。
3）不定冠词（a/an）帮助判断考点是否为元音开头的单词，缩小选择的范围。
4）要有总体观，不必按顺序做题。先把自己最有把握的词选出，然后删除该选项，为吃不准的选项缩小选择范围。
3．常用词汇后缀
A．名词后缀
1）-or/er/ess/crat/cis：做某件事情或职业的人或物，如worker，debtor。
2）-acy，表示“性质，状态，境遇”，如democracy，accuracy，diplomacy。
3）-ance，-ence表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”，如importance，diligence，difference，obedience。
4）-ancy，-ency，表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”，如frequency，urgency，efficiency。
5）-bility，表示“动作，性质，状态”，如possibility，flexibility，feasibility。
6）-dom，表示“等级，领域，状态”，如freedom，kingdom，wisdom。
7）-hood，表示“资格，身份，年纪，状态”，如childhood，manhood，falsehood。
8）-ion，-sion，-tion，-ation，-ition，表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”，如action，solution，conclusion，destruction，expression，correction。
9）-ism，表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”，如socialism，criticism，colloquialism，heroism。
10）-ity，表示“性质，状态，程度”，如purity，reality，ability，calamity。
11）-ment，表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”，如treatment，movement，judgment，punishment，argument。
12）-ness，表示“性质，状态，程度”，如goodness，kindness，tiredness，friendliness。
13）-ship，表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”，如hardship，membership，friendship。
14）-th，表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”，如depth，wealth，truth，length，growth。
15）-tude，表示“性质，状态，程度”，如latitude，altitude（海拔）。
16）-ure，表示“行为，结果”，如exposure，pressure，failure，procedure（手续）。
17）-grapy，表示“……学，写法”，如biography，calligraphy，geography。
18）-ic，ics，表示“……学，……法”，如logic，mechanics，electronics，linguistics。
19）-ology，表示“……学，……论”，如biology，zoology，technology（工艺学）。
20）-nomy，表示“……学，……术”，如astronomy，economy，bionomy（生态学）。
B．形容词后缀
1）-able，-ible，如visible，flexible。
2）名词-ish，如foolish，bookish，selfish（注意accomplish，vanish是动词）。
3）-ive，如active，sensitive，productive。
4）-like，如manlike，childlike。
5）名词-ly，如manly，fatherly，scholarly，motherly。
6）-some，如troublesome，handsome。
7）-ful，如beautiful，wonderful，helpful，truthful。
8）-ous，如dangerous，generous，courageous，various。
9）-ent，-ant，如violent，predominant。
10）-most，如foremost，topmost。
11）less，表示否定，如countless，stainless，wireless。
C．动词后缀
1）-ize，表示“做成，变成，……化”，如modernize，mechanize，democratize，organize。
2）-en，表示“使成为，引起，使有”，如quicken，weaken，soften，harden。
3）-fy，表示“使……化，使成”，如beautify，purify，intensify，signify，simplify。
4）-ish，表示“使，令”，如finish，abolish，diminish，establish。
5）-ate，表示“成为……，处理，作用”，如separate，operate，indicate。
D．副词后缀
1）（形容词）-ly：bad→badly 坏地/恶劣地；careful→carefully 小心地。
2）-wise：clock→clockwise（a．/ad．）顺时针方向的（地）；like→likewise 同样地。
3）-wards：out→outwards 向外面地；north→northwards 向北方地。
二、选词填空真题精讲
One in six．Believe it or not，that’s the number of Americanswho struggle with hunger．Tomake tomorrow a little better，Feeding America，the nation’s largest 1hunger-relief organization，has chosen September as Hunger Month．As part of its 30 Ways in 30 Days program，It’s asking 2across the country to help the more than 200 food banks and 61，000 agencies in its network provide low-income individuals and families with the fuel they need to 3．
It’s the kind of work that’s done every day at St．Andrew’s Episcopal Church in San Antonio．People who 4at its front door on the first and third Thursdays of each month aren’t looking for God—they’re there for something to eat．St．Andrew’s runs a food pantry（食品室）that 5the city and several of the 6towns．Janet Drane is itsmanager．
In the wake of the 7，the number of families in need of food assistance began to grow．It is 8that49 million Americans are unsure ofwhere they will find their nextmeal．What’smost surprising is that 36% of them live in 9where at leastone adult isworking．“It used to be that one job was all you needed．”says St．Andrew’s Drane．“The people we see now have three or four part-time jobs and they’re still right on the edge 10．”
这篇2012年6月的选词填空选自Time杂志，讲述的是美国采取了一系列的食品援助行动为低收入者提供食物，经济萧条让越来越多的人陷入温饱危机，其中甚至包括有工作的人。
1．K）domestic（形容词辨析题）
空格处应该填一个修饰名词organization的形容词。可供选择的有B）surrounding，K）domestic和N）circling。根据语义判断，正确答案为domestic（“国内的”）。
如何判断空格处应该填一个形容词：
形容词在句子中通常作定语修饰名词，或者作为表语位于be动词或系动词的后面。
形容词的前后最常见的是名词、副词、be动词或系动词；也可能有比较级more或最高级most。
要注意的是，有的选项既可以是动词的现在分词或过去分词形式，也可以视作形容词，需要加以分辨。（如该题中的surrounding，circling等。）
例如：
Decades ago，there were only a （1）number of drugs available，and many of them caused （2）side effects in older people，including dizziness and fatigue． （2007-06）
解析：（1）空格处前有冠词a，后有名词number，因此此处需要一个表示程度的形容词来修饰number，答案为limited（“有限的”）。
（2）此处需要一个形容词修饰后面的名词side effects。根据上下文，这些药物会引起如头晕、疲劳等副作用，答案为significant（“重大的、显著的”）。
2．M）communities（名词辨析题）
空格处应该填一个名词，作动词asking的宾语；通过空格后的across the country，推断空格处可能是名词的复数形式。根据上下文语境，在communities和households之间作出选择，应选communities（“社区”“团体”）。
如何判断空格处应该填一个名词：
名词在句子中通常作主语和宾语（包括动词的宾语和介词的宾语），如果判断句子缺少主语或宾语，空白处就可以在名词中寻找。
名词前常常有冠词或形容词充当定语来修饰（可根据a/an缩小选择名词的范围，an接元音音节开始的名词）；及物动词后面也常接名词。
空白处前面是介词，空白处充当介词宾语，这种情况下，空白处也可能是一个动名词。
可以从所需名词是用单数还是复数形式，来缩小所选名词的范围。
例如：
Thismodern for painmanagement has led to a wealth of innovative treatments which aremore effective and with fewer side effects than ever before． （2007-06）
解析：此处需要一个名词作句子的主语，这个名词是单数，且可以与介词for搭配。谓语动词lead to后面表示的是结果，即带来了众多比以前更有效，而且副作用更小的创新疗法。那么主语应是原因，即现代人们对于疼痛治疗的重视。答案为respect，它除了表示“尊重，尊敬”外，还有“重视”的意思。
3．A）survive（动词辨析题）
空格前面有need to，由此判断空格处应该是填一个动词的原形。通过上下文语境，在A）survive，H）gather和O）accumulate这三个选项中作出选择，“为低收入者提供使他们得以生存的食物”，故survive（“生存”“幸存”）为正解。
4．H）gather（动词辨析题）
定语从句中缺少谓语，因此空格处需要填入动词。主语是people，时态是现在时，由此判断空格处应是动词原形。在H）gather和O）accumulate二者之间，根据语义判断出正确答案应是gather（“聚集”）。
5．C）serves（动词辨析题）
定语从句中缺少谓语，因此空格处需要填入动词。定语从句先行词是单数（a food pantry），时态是现在时，由此判断空格处应是动词的第三人称单数，在选项中直接锁定serves（“为……服务”）。
如何判断空格处应该填一个动词：
动词在句子中通常作谓语（包括主句或从句的谓语）或者以分词的形式（-ing或-ed）出现作主句的伴随状语。
动词前面最常见的是名词、代词、介词和副词。名词、代词充当动词的主语或宾语。介词或副词常常和动词构成搭配，形成短语。
动词后面有时也可以跟名词或形容词，构成主系表结构。
空白处前有to，应特别注意它是不定式标志的to还是介词to，如果是前者，则空白处应为动词原形；如果是后者，则空白处应为动词的-ing形式。
确定空白处需要动词之后，根据上下文的语境来判断空白处动词的具体形式（原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词）。
例如：
Years ago，doctors often said thatpain was a normal partof life．In particular，when older patients of pain，they were told itwas a natural partof aging and they would have to learn to live with it． （2007-06）
解析：句子缺少谓语，因此空格处需要填入一个动词。这个动词应该是过去式，而且可以与介词of搭配，答案为complained（“抱怨”）。
6．B）surrounding（形容词辨析题）
空格前面是定冠词the，空格后面是名词towns，由此判断空格处需要形容词修饰后面的名词。根据上下文语境，“圣安德鲁教堂管理的食品室为城市和……的城镇服务”，推断出surrounding（“周围的”）为正确答案。
7．F）recession（名词辨析题）
空格前面是定冠词the，可知此处需要一个名词，应在F）recession，G）households 和L）competition之间作出选择。根据语境，“需要食物资助的家庭数量在增加”，其原因（in the wake of…“随着……而来，作为……的结果”）应该是recession（“经济衰退”）。
8．E）reported（动词辨析题）
本句使用的是It is…that句型，其中it作形式主语，is后面应接动词的被动式或形容词作表语，that引导的是真正的主语。在D）reviewed和E）reported进行选择，根据语境，that后引导出的是一则报道的信息，故此处选择reported（“报道”）最为恰当，It is reported that…（“据报道”）是常用句型。
9．G）households（名词辨析题）
空格处前面是一个介词in，后面是由where引导的定语从句，判断空格处需要一个名词。根据语境，“让人吃惊的是这些人中36%的家庭都至少有一个成年人在工作”，由此推断出households（“家庭”）最恰当。
10．J）financially（副词辨析题）
句子结构完整，空格位于句尾，因此判断空格处需要填入一个副词。在I）formally和J）financially之间进行选择。根据语境，“以前的人有一份工作就够了，现在的人打三四份工还有温饱危机”，故financially（“经济上、财政上”）是正确答案。
如何判断空格处应该填一个副词：
副词在句子中充当状语。副词可以修饰的词只有形容词和动词，放在其前后均可。
副词还可以作整个句子的状语，表示上下文句子的转折、因果等逻辑关系，可以通过上下文的语义关系作出判断。
句子结构完整的情况下，空格处首先考虑副词，且其位置经常在句首或句尾。
副词也可以和动词构成固定搭配的短语。
例如：
Times have changed．Today，we take pain________．Indeed，pain is now considered the fifth vital sign，as important as blood pressure，temperature，breathing rate and pulse in determining a person’swell-being． （2007-06）
解析：句子主谓结构完整，此处需要一个副词修饰谓语动词take。结合上下文提到的人们对于疼痛的前后态度对比，说明现在人们开始认真对待疼痛。此处选择seriously（“严肃地、认真地”）。Take…seriously（“重视，认真对待……”）也是一个常考的固定搭配。
三、选词填空练习
Exercise One
A bookless life is an incomplete life．Books influence the depth and breadth of life．They meet the natural 1for freedom，for expression，for creativity and beauty of life．Learners，therefore，must have books，and the right type of book，for the satisfaction of their need． Readers turn 2to books because their curiosity concerning allmanners of things，their eagerness to share in the experiences of others and their need to 3from their own limited environment lead them to find in books food for themind and the spirit．Through their reading they find a deeper significance to life as books acquaint them with life in the world as it was and it is now．They are presented with a 4of human experiences and come to 5other ways of thought and living．And while 6their own relationships and responses to life，the readers often find that the 7in their stories are going through similar adjustments，which help to clarify and give significance to their own．
Books provide 8material for readers’imagination to grow．Imagination is a valuable quality and amotivating power，and stimulates achievement．While enriching their imagination，books 9their outlook，develop a fact-finding attitude and train them to use leisure 10．The social and educational significance of the readers’books cannot be overestimated in an academic library．
A）abundant B）characters C）communicating D）completely E）derive
F）desire G）diversity H）escape I）establishing J）narrow
K）naturally L）personnel M）properly N）respect O）widen
Exercise To
Every year in the firstweek ofmy English class，some students inform me thatwriting is too hard．They never write，unless assignments 1it．They find the writing process 2 and difficult．
How awful to be able to speak in a language but not to write in it— 3English，with its rich vocabulary．Being able to speak but notwrite is like living in an 4mansion（豪宅）and never leaving one small room．When Imeet students who think they can’t write，I know as a teachermy 5is to show them the rest of the rooms．My task is to build fluency while providing the opportunity inherent in any writing activity to 6the moral and emotional development ofmy students．One greatway to do this is by having studentswrite in a journal in class every day．
Writing ability is like strength training．Writing needs to be done 7just like exercise；just as muscles grow stronger with exercise，writing skills improve quickly with writing practice．Ioften see a rise in student confidence and 8after only a few weeks of journal writing．
Expressing oneself in writing is one of the most important skills I teach to strengthen the whole student．When my students practice journal writing，they are practicing for their future academic，political，and 9lives．They build skills so that some day they might write a greatnovel，a piece of sorely needed legislation，or the perfect love letter．Every day that they write in their journals puts them a step 10to fluency，eloquence（雄辩），and command of language．
A）closer B）daily C）emotional D）enhance E）enormous
F）especially G）hinder H）mission I）painful J）performance
K）profession L）remarkably M）require N）sensitive O）urge
Exercise Three
In familieswith twoworking parents，fathersmay havemore impacton a child’s language development thanmothers，a new study suggests．
Researchers 192 families from 11 child care centersbefore their children were a year old，interviewing each to establish income，level of education and child care arrangements．Overall，itwas a group ofwell-educatedmiddle-class families，withmarried parents both living in the home．
When the children were 2，researchers videotaped them athome in free-play sessionswith both parents， 2all of their speech．The study will appear in the November issue of The Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology．
The scientistsmeasured the 3number of utterance（话语）of the parents，the number of differentwords they used，the complexity of their sentences and other 4of their speech．On average，fathers spoke less than mothers did，but they did not differ in the length of utterances or proportion of questions asked．
Finally，the researchers 5the children’s speech at age 3，using a standardized language test．The only predictors of high scores on the test were the mother’s level of education，the 6of child care and the number of differentwords the father used．
The researchersare 7why the father’s speech，and not themother’s，had an effect．
“It’s well 8that the mother’s language does have an impact，”said Nadya Pancsofar，the lead author of the study．It could be that the high-functioning mothers in the study had 9had a strong influence on their children’s speech development，Ms．Pancsofar said，“or itmay be thatmothers are 10in a way we didn’tmeasure in the study．”
A）already B）analyzed C）aspects D）characters E）contributing
F）describing G）established H）quality I）quoted J）recording
K）recruited L）total M）unconscious N）unsure O）yet
ExerciseFour
When we think of green buildings，we tend to think of new ones—the kind of high-tech，solar-paneled masterpieces thatmake the covers of architecture magazines．But the U．S．has more than 100 million existing homes，and itwould be 1wasteful to tear them all down and 2them with greener versions．An enormous amount of energy and resourceswent into the construction of those houses．And itwould take an average of 65 years for the 3carbon emissions from a new energy-efficient home tomake up for the resources lost by destroying an old one．So in the broadest 4，the greenesthome is the one thathas already been built．But at the same time，nearly half of U．S．carbon emissions come from heating，cooling and 5 our homes，offices and other buildings．“You can’t deal with climate change without dealing with existing buildings，”says Richard Moe，the president of the National Trust．
With some 6，the oldest homes tend to be the least energy-efficient．Houses built before 1939 use about 50% more energy per square foot than those built after 2000，mainly due to the tiny cracks and gaps that 7over time and let inmore outside air．
Fortunately，there are a 8number of relatively simple changes that can green older homes，from 9ones like Lincoln’s Cottage to your own postwar home．And efficiency upgrades（升级）can save more than just the earth；they can help 10property owners from rising power costs．
A）accommodations B）clumsy C）doubtful D）exceptions E）expand
F）historic G）incredibly H）powering I）protect J）reduced
K）replace L）sense M）shifted N）supplying O）vast
Exercise Five
What determines the kind of person you are？What factorsmake you more or less bold，intelligent，or able to read amap？All of these are influenced by the interaction of your genes and the environment in which you were 1．The study of how genes and environment interact to influence 2activity is known as behavioral genetics．Behavioral genetics has made important 3to the biological revolution，providing information about the extent to which biology influencesmind，brain and behavior．
Any research that suggests that 4to perform certain behaviors are based in biology is controversial．Who wants to be told that there are limitations to what you can 5based on something that is beyond your control，such as your genes？It is easy to accept that genes control physical characteristics such as sex，race and eye color．But can genes also determine whether people will get divorced，how 6they are，or what career they are likely to choose？A concern of psychological scientists is the 7to which all of these characteristics are influenced by nature and nurture（养育），by genetic makeup and the environment．Increasingly，science 8that genes lay the groundwork for many human traits．From this perspective，people are born 9like undeveloped photographs：The image is already captured，but theway it 10appears can vary based on the developmentprocess．However，the basic picture is there from the beginning．
A）abilities B）achieve C）appeal D）complaints E）contributions
F）displayed G）essentially H）eventually I）extent J）indicates
K）proceeds L）psychological M）raised N）smart O）standard
ExerciseSix
The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth，scientists said yesterday．
While elderly people 1to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger，this has a（n） 2effecton their brain’s performance and they would benefit from gettingmore，according to research．
Sean Drummond，a psychiatrist（心理医生）at the University of California，San Diego，said that older people aremore likely to suffer from broken sleep，while younger people are better at sleeping 3straight through the night．
More sleep in old age，however，is 4with better health，andmostolder peoplewould feel better and more 5if they slept for longer periods，he said．
“The ability to sleep in one chunk（整块时间）overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to 6well does not change，”Dr．Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego．
“It’s 7amyth thatolder people need less sleep．Themore healthy an older adult is，themore they sleep like they did when they were 8．Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from 9to get asmuch sleep as they did in their 30s．That’s 10from person to person，but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75．”
A）alert B）associated C）attracting D）cling E）continuing
F）definitely G）different H）efficiently I）formally J）function
K）mixed L）negative M）sufficient N）tend O）younger
ExerciseSeven
With the world’s population estimated to grow from six to nine billion by 2，050，researchers，businesses and governments are already dealing with the impact this increase will have on everything from food and water to infrastructure（基础设施）and jobs．Underlying all this 1will be the demand for energy，which is expected to double over the next 40 years．
Finding the resources tomeet this demand in a 2，sustainable way is the cornerstone（基石）of our nation’s energy security，and will be one of the major 3of the 21st century．Alternative forms of energy—bio-fuels，wind and solar，to name a few—are 4 being funded and developed，and will play a growing 5in theworld’s energy supply．But experts say that，even when 6，alternative energy sourceswill likelymeetonly about 30% of the world’s energy needs by 2，050．
For example，even with 7investments，such as the 
93 million for wind energy development 8in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act，important alternative energy sources such aswind and bio-fuels 9only about 1% of themarket today．
Energy and sustainability experts say the answer to our future energy needs will likely come from a lot of 10—both traditional and alternative．
A）stable B）solutions C）significant D）role E）progress
F）marvelous G）included H）growth I）exactly J）consist
K）comprise L）competitions M）combined N）challenges O）certainly
免责声明：以上内容源自网络，版权归原作者所有，如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知，我们将尽快删除相关内容。
