1.形容词(adjectives)
形容词(adjadjective),简称adj,很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。形容词是一种开放词类,在句中主要做修饰成分。
1)形容词的分类
就词的构成来看,分为单型形容词和复合形容词。单型形容词仅有一个自由词素构成,如:big, small, tall, short, fat, thin, long, high等,或者是自由词根加前缀或者后缀构成。如:impolite, loudly, selfish, unkind, impossible, unnecessary, unimportant等;复合形容词的构成主要有以下几种:
⑴形容词+形容词:bitter-sweat又苦又甜的;red-hot 炽热的;
⑵形容词+ing分词:good-looking 好看的;hard-working 努力工作的;beauty-loving 爱美的
⑶形容词+ed分词:bad-performed 表现不好的;well-trained,训练有素的;blue-eyed,蓝眼睛的;ready-made准备好的;good-tempered 脾气好的
⑷名词+形容词:world-famous 世界著名的;
⑸名词+ed分词: kind-hearted 好心的
2)形容词的用法
⑴用作定语
She is a beautiful girl.
她是个漂亮的女孩子。
He is an old man.
他是个老人。
The new student comes from France.
这个新学生来自法国。
⑵用作表语
I am very happy.
我非常高兴。
The baby was asleep at 6 pm, but he was awake at 7 am.
宝宝在晚上6点休息,早上7点起床。
The story is very interesting.
这个故事很有趣。
Note:在下列三类系动词或感官动词后,要用形容词作表语。
①表示“变成,成为”的动词:go, come, get,grow, turn,等,要求用形容词作表语。表示变成某种状态。
My grandmother’s hair has turned gray.
我奶奶的头发已经变白了。
The leaves turn yellow in autumn.
树叶在秋天变黄。
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
天气越来越暖和。
②表示“在”的动词要用形容词作表语。
Remain, keep, stay, stand, lie等.
Tom remained silent at the meeting.
在会上,汤姆很沉默。
Please keep quiet.
请保持安静。
It's going to stay cold for some time.
天气还要冷一段时间。
③感觉,感官动词:appear, feel, smell, look, sound, taste等
He feels unhappy when he hears the bad news.
他听到这个坏消息感觉很不高兴。
It sounds good.
听起来很好。
The food tastes very delicious.
这个食物尝起来很好吃。
The girl looks very beautiful.
这个女孩看起来很漂亮。
⑶用作补足语
The good news made me very excited.
这个消息使我非常兴奋。
We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
我们把教室保持的非常干净和整齐。
⑷少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语.这些形容词包括 ill, asleep, awake, alone, alive, well, worth, glad, unable, afraid等.
(正)Don't be afraid. (误) Mr Li is an afraid man.
(正)The old man was ill yesterday. (误)This is an ill person.
(正)This place is worth visiting. (误)That is a worth book.
⑸少数形容词只能作定语,不能作表语.
这些形容词包括 little, live(活着的),elder, eldest 等.例如:
(正)My elder brother is a doctor. (误)My brother is elder than I.
(正)This is a little house. (误)The house is little.
3)形容词在句中的位置
⑴单个形容词作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之前。
I have a lot of good friends.
我有很多好朋友。
The red rose is very beautiful.
红玫瑰很漂亮。
⑵形容词短语作定语时,通常放在被修饰的名词之后。
This is the book easy to read.
这是一本容易读的书。
⑶形容词修饰以-thing,-one,-body等结尾的复合代词时,放在复合代词之后。
I have something important to tell you.
我有重要的事要告诉你。
Is there anything interesting in the film?
电影里有什么有趣的内容吗?
There is nothing dangerous here.
这儿一点都不危险。
Do you know anybody else here?
这儿你还有认识的人吗
⑷形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 则由它们和被修饰的名词之间的密切程度而定, 越密切的形容词越靠近名词。(一般的顺序:非限定性形容词+限定性形容词(表示人或物的内在特征 )+名词)如果几个形容词的密切程度差不多则按音节少的形容词放在前面, 音节多的形容词放在后面。
She wears a very valuable new gold ring.
她戴着非常昂贵的新的金戒指。
She bought a big, white, leather handbag.
她买了一个大的,白色的皮包。
⑸形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语时,形容词必须置于名词之后。例如:
It is a problem difficult to work out. 这个问题很难解决。
Edison is a student difficult to teach. 爱迪生是个很难教的学生
This is a kind of flowers easy to grow. 这是一种易栽的花.
⑹有少数形容词,如enough和possible,既可置于所修饰的名词之前,也可置于所修饰的名词之后.例如:
Do you have enough time(time enough)to prepare ?
你有足够的时间做准备吗?
Maybe it will be a possible chance (chance possible) for you.
或许它将成为你的一次可能的机遇.
⑺有些形容词,置于名词之前与之后,含义不尽相同.例如:
the writer present 出席的作家
the present writer 当代的作家
4)常用形容词意思的对比
popular 流行的 populous 人口稠密的
dead 死的 deadly 致命的
distinct 清晰的,不同的 distinctive 有特色的
efficient 效率高的 proficient 熟练的
considerate 考虑周到的 considerable 相当大的
asleep 睡着的 sleepy 瞌睡的
lonely 孤独的 lone 独自的,唯一的
opposite 相对的 opposing 反对的
exhaustive 彻底的 exhausting 筋疲力尽的
credulous 轻信的 credible 可信的
troublesome 令人烦恼的 troubled 感到忧虑的
respectable 值得尊敬的 respectful 尊重人的
economic 经济的 economical 节俭的
2.副词(adverb)
副词和形容词一样,在句中主要做修饰成分,但副词主要是用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。形容词变成副词时,通常在形容词末尾加“ly”: kind-kindly, careful-carefully, slow-slowly等.
1)副词的分类
按照副词的意思,可以分为:
⑴方式副词(adverbs of manner)一般是用来描绘动作的,其中绝大部分由形容词加词尾-ly构成: angrily, warmly, happily, coldly,quickly, slowly, politely, suddenly, properly等。
⑵程度副词 (adverbs of degree):very, so, nearly, quite, rather等。
He works very hard. 他工作很努力。
Lily sings songs quite good. 莉莉唱歌很好听。
⑶时间副词(adverbs of time):
①表示某时间的副词:so for, before, after, now等。
②表示频率的副词:usually, sometimes, seldom, never等。
③表示其他时间的副词:early, soon, since, finally, yet等。
⑷地点副词(adverbs of place):
①表示地点的副词:there, downstairs, home, anywhere, abroad等。
②表示位置关系的副词:up, down, in, back, inside, outside等。
按照副词在句中的功能,可以分为:
⑴疑问副词(interrogative adverbs)是用来引起特殊问句的:how, when, where, why, how long, how far等。
How are you doing at your work?
你是怎样做工作的?
When will you start?
你将什么时候开始?
How long have you been there?
你去哪里多久了?
Why are you so happy?
你为何如此高兴?
⑵关系副词(relative adverbs): 关系副词主要有where, when, why三个,它们都可以引导定语从句:
This is the place where Tom was born.
这是汤姆出生的地方。
This is the reason why he was late.
这就是他迟到的原因。
I couldn’t forget the time when I first became a new college student.
我最难忘的时刻是我成为一名新的大学生。
⑶连接副词(conjunctive adverbs): how, when, why, where,next, moreover, now, then, consequently, firstly, besides, altogether等,连接副词用来引导主语从句,表语从句或宾语从句,在句子中起连接作用:
How the question solved is still a mystery.
这个问题怎样去解决仍然是个谜。
The reason why she was late was that her car was broken.
她迟到的原因是她的车坏了。
Can you tell me where the post office is?
你能告诉我最近的邮局在那里吗?
2)副词的作用
副词的作用是主要做状语,可以用来修饰动词,形容词,副词和介词短语或整个句子。
⑴修饰动词:
Don’t drink too much.
不要喝得太多。
They were warmly received by the hosts.
主人热情地接待了他们。
⑵修饰形容词
You can’t imagine how interesting the film is.
你不能想象这部电影有多有趣。
His eyes were wide open.
他的眼睛睁得很大。
⑶修饰副词
How wonderfully they are acting!
他们表演的是多么的精彩!
I can speak as fluently as he does.
我能像他那样说得很流利。
⑷介词短语或整个句子
Nancy left quickly after the meeting.
会议结束后南希很快地离开了。
Frankly, I don’t believe what she said.
坦白地说,我不能相信她说的话。
此外,有些副词还可用作表语,定语,宾语补足语,介词宾语。
①表语
They must be off now.
现在他必须离开了。
When will you be back?
你何时将返回?
②副词作定语,放在被修饰词的后面。
This is my first day off.
这是我第一天值日。
The audience there are from America.
这里的观众来自美国。
I met her on my way home.
在回家的路上,我碰见了她。
③副词作宾语补足语
I saw him out with Lucy last Monday.
上周一我看见他和露西一起出去了。
I am very glad to see you back.
我非常高兴地看见你回来。
④作介词宾语
Tom came out from behind the door.
汤姆从门后出来了。
3)副词的位置:
⑴疑问副词、关系副词、连接副词一般都放在句子或从句的开头:
How did you like that present?
你觉得那个礼物如何?
I still remember the day when we first met.
我依旧记得我们第一次见面的那天。
Consequently, it’s too late. 结果,太晚了。
⑵程度副词一般放在被修饰的动词、形容词或副词前面。
I quite agree with you.
我非常同意你的观点。
I am very sorry for it.
我非常抱歉。
We meet quite often.
我们经常见面。
⑶方式副词一般放在动词之后,但是动词加宾语结构中,如果宾语较长,常把副词放在动词之前,以免造成歧义。有时也可以把副词放在动词和宾语之间。
They left secretly.
他们悄悄离开了。
She studies French well.
她的法语学得很好。
He quietly left the meeting room after he received a call.
他接到电话后迅速地离开了会议室。
She quickly decided to give up that plan.
她很快决定要放弃计划。
如果宾语较长,有时也可以把副词放在动词和宾语之间。
Please listen carefully the first paragraph in this text, and then answer the following questions. 请认真听这篇的第一段,然后回到下面的问题。
方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾。
He speaks English well.
他的英语说得很好。
如果一些副词放在动词前和动词后具有不同的意义:
She answered the question foolishly.
她的回答是愚蠢的。
She foolishly answered the question。
她愚蠢地回答了这个问题。
⑷时间副词,尤其是表示具体的时间,一般放在句首或句尾。
表示具体的常用时间副词有:today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, yet, still, soon, shortly, before, already等。
Yesterday, I visited my grandmother with my sister.
昨天,我和妹妹拜访了我的奶奶。
I will go to Beijing tomorrow.
我明天将要去北京。
频率副词通常放在行为动词前,但当句中有情态动词、助动词或be的动词时,则放在这类动词之后。副词一般放在第一个助动词后。常用的频率副词有:often, usually, always, ever, never, rarely, sometimes, seldom, constantly, frequently, occasionally等。
I often do my homework in the evening.
我经常在晚上做作业。
You should always go to school on time.
你应该总是按时完成作业。
I’d never know who she was.
我从不知道她是谁。
She is seldom late for the meeting.
她差点开会迟到。
⑸地点副词通常放在句尾,有时也可以放在句首,表示强调。
The children were sleeping upstairs.
孩子们住在楼上。
Here the man stopped.
这个人停在这里了。
如果几个副词放在一起,排列的顺序一般为:
程度副词→方式副词→地点副词(小地点→大地点)→时间副词
⑹副词位置变化引起的倒装句
①某些有否定或者限制意义的副词放在句首,句子的主谓语要倒装:never, seldom, rarely, little, neither, nor, hardly, scarcely等。
Hardly could Mark afford the rent.
马克几乎不能付得起房租。
Never has Tom given up the plan.
汤姆从来没有放弃这个计划。
Seldom did he go to work late.
他很少上班迟到。
②一些与only连用的有限制意义的副词:only then, only today, only once如果出现在句首,句子的主谓语要倒装。
Only then can they realize their fault.
只有那时他们才意识到自己的错误。
Only once did her mother criticize her.
只有一次她母亲批评了她。
③与某些程度副词连用并位于句首时,句子的主谓语也要倒装。
So difficult was the question that on one can solve it.
这个问题是如此的难以致于没人能解决。
④具有两种形式的副词的变化及有些副词的构成是以形容词加ly后缀结尾的,但是意思却发生了变化。如:
A.hard 和hardly
hard作为副词意思是:费力地、辛苦地;hardly的意思是“几乎不”。
I tried hard to find a job near my home but I had no luck.
我费力地想在家附近找个工作,但是没有找着。
He works hard only before exams.
他只在考试前努力学习。
It is raining hard outside. You can't go out.
外面正下着大雨。你不能出去。
I hardly went to out in holidays.
在假期我几乎不出去。
I hardly believe the consequence of the vote.
我几乎不能相信选举的结果。
He can hardly speak English.
他几乎不会说英语。
B. high和 highly
High作副词讲,意思是“高高地”; highly意思是:“极其、非常”。
The plane is flying high in the sky.
飞机高高地在上空飞。
The flu is highly infectious.
流感的传染性很强。
Some of us value peace and comfort very highly. Others value pleasure and excitement.
我们有些人非常重视安宁与舒适,有些人重视快乐与刺激。
C. short 和shortly
short作副词意思为“突然地、出其不意地”; shortly意思为“立刻、马上”。
The bus stopped short at the turn of the road.
公交车突然停在了拐弯处。
The driver stopped short when the children ran into the street.
小孩跑进街道时,司机猛然刹车。
I shall be in touch with you again shortly.
我很快再和你联系。
The movie was over shortly before six.
电影在六点钟不到就结束了。
D. clear 和clearly
clear作副词意思为“清楚地,完全地”; clearly意思为“清楚、显然地”。
She speaks loud and clear.
她说话声音很大也很清晰。
I made it clear to him that I rejected his proposal.
我清楚地告诉他,我拒绝了他的建议。
He formulated his thought clearly.
他清楚确切地表达了自己的思想。
If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.
如果我有望远镜,我就可以清楚地看见那颗彗星。
E. easy和 easily
easy作副词意思为“容易、悠然、慢慢地”;easily意思为“容易、自如、无疑地、很有可能地”。
Go easy on the boy;he didn't know he was doing anything wrong.
对那男孩子宽容点吧,他不知道自己做错了什么。
Take it easy, it's not a serious problem.
别着急,这问题并不严重。
It's easily the best film I've seen this year.
这无疑是我今年所看过的最好的电影。
That could easily be the answer we're looking for.
那可能就是我们正在寻找的办法。
I can easily finish it tonight.
我今晚轻而易举就可把它做完。
F. loud和loudly和aloud
loud作副词意思为“高声地、声音大地”loudly做副词意思为“大声地、嘈杂地、华丽地”aloud做副词意思为“发出声音、使人能听到”
You needn't talk so loud.
你说话的声音用不着那么大。
Do not talk so loud; you may be overheard.
别这么大声说话; 别人会听见。
There is a dog barking loudly.
有一只狗大声地在叫。
Don't you think the radio's a bit loud?
你觉得收音机的声音是不是太吵了点?
Please read aloud so that I can hear you.
请大声朗读,好让我能听到。
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
在学习英语中朗读是很重要的。
G. sometime 和sometimes和 some time
sometime作副词意思为“在任何时候、在不固定的某个时段、某一天”,sometimes作副词意思为“有时、偶尔”,some time作副词意思为“一些时间、一会”。
I hope to see you again sometime next year.
我希望明年某一时候再见到你。
I saw him sometime last summer.
去年夏天的某个时候我曾经见过他。
Love is sometimes put in range with a career.
人们往往认为爱情和事业是并驾齐驱的。
The vowels in the English alphabet are a, e, i, o, u, and, sometimes, y.
英语的元音字母有a,e,i,o,u,有时也包括y。
She's been illing for some time.
她身体不适已有一段时间了。
It took me some time to digest what I had heard.
我花了一些时间才把听到的东西弄明白。
H. all but 和all…but
all but作副词意思为“简直是、几乎”,all …but作副词意思为“除了…都、全…只”.
He is all but crying with excitation.
他兴奋的几乎大叫起来!
The room was all but empty.
房间里几乎全空了。
They were all leave but Mary.
除了玛丽外,其他的人都离开了。
3.形容词和副词比较级
1)形容词的比较级和最高级
概述:在英语中在表示“比较……”和“最……”时,形容词要用特别的形式,称为比较级和最高级。
2)形容词的比较级和最高级的构成
⑴单音节形容词和部分双音节形容词在词尾加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级:
原级:long small simple clever
比较级:longer smaller simpler cleverer
最高级:longest smallest simplest cleverest
⑵多音节形容词在原级前加more和most构成比较级和最高级:
原级:important difficult interesting
比较级:more important more difficult more interesting
最高级:most important most difficult most interesting
注:有些形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的:
原级:good many little far old
比较级:better more less farther/further older/elder
最高级:best most least farthest/furthest oldest/eldest
⑶少数单音节词也加more和most构成比较级和最高级
原级:glad tired active
比较级:more glad more tired more active
最高级:most glad most tired most active
⑷有些形容词比较级和最高级有两种形式:
strict stricter/more strict strictest/most strict
friendly friendlier/more friendly friendliest/most friendly
3)没有比较级和最高级的形容词:
⑴表示“极限、主次”等的形容词(副词):
maximum, minimum, unique, main, senior, junior, extreme, chief, superior, inferior, utmost
⑵表示“完全、特别”等意义的形容词(副词):
utter(ly),complete(ly),entire(ly),whole(ly),absolute(ly),perfect(ly),
thorough(ly).
⑶表示“形状”的形容词:
square, round, oval, oblong, level, circular, angular.
⑷表示“处所、方位、时间”的形容词:
here, there, ahead, now, then, back, front, east, west
⑸表示“状态”的形容词:
asleep, awake, aware, alive, alike, ashamed, afraid
⑹表示“性质、国籍”的形容词:
chinese, America, economic, woolen, golden
⑺表示“独一无二”的形容词:
Unique, only, single, sole, invincible, sheer, more
4)形容词比较级的用法
⑴双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+than”结构表示:
He is taller than his elder brother.
他比他的哥哥更高。
My English is better than yours.
我们英语比你的学得更好。
This computer is more expensive than that one.
这台电脑比那台更贵。
⑵表示“和……一样”时,用as+原级+as结构,如果“一方不如一方”,则用not as/so+原级+as结构:
She is as busy as before.
她和以前一样繁忙。
They will give you as much help as they can.
他们给你尽可能多的帮助。
He is not as/so talkative as before.
他不像以前那样健谈了。
It is not as/so hot as before.
天气没有以前热了。
⑶表示一方随另一方的程度变化而变化时,用“the+比较级(主语+谓语,the+比较级(主语+谓语)”意思是“越……越……”。
The harder he works, the happier he feels.
越努力工作,他越觉得幸福。
The more books one reads, the more knowledge he becomes.
一个人读的书越多,他就懂得越多。
⑷不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+and+比较级”的结构,意思为“越……越……”:
The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
天气越来越暖和了。
The prices are getting higher and higher.
价格越来越高。
The song is getting more and more popular.
这首歌曲变得越来越流行。
⑸在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that, those, one, ones代替前面出现的名词。That指物,one即可指人也可指物。That即可代替可数名词,也可代替不可数名词。而one只能代替可数名词。
The book in the first row is more interesting than that on the last row.
放在第一排的书比放在最后一排的更有趣。
A box made of wood is weaker than one made of iron.
木头做的盒子要比铁做的脆弱一些。
⑹某些以-or结尾的形容词要进行比较时,形容词后面用“to”而不用”than“这些词有senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior posterior.
She is inferior to Nancy in English.
她的英语学得比南希的差一些。
They are superior to others in many respects.
他们在很多方面优于其他人。
⑺表示倍数的比较级的表示方法:
①A is three(four, etc) times the size(height, length, width, etc)of B:
The new machine is three times of the size of the old one.
这台新机器是那台旧机器的三倍大。
②A is three(four, etc) times as big(small, strong, long, wide, high)as B:
Asian is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍。
③A is three(four, etc) times bigger(smaller, stronger, longer, wider, higher)than B:
Your workshop is three times bigger than ours.
注:time表示倍数,表示三倍及其以上的数。
5)形容词的最高级的用法
⑴表示最高程度,用语三个或者三个以上的物之间进行比较。
结构形式为:the+最高级+in/of
This is the longest river in the world.
这是世界上最长的河。
He is the oldest child of the family.
他是这个家里最大的孩子。
⑵形容词最高级可以用序数词以及much, nearly, almost, by far, by no means, nothings like, 等词语修饰。
The mountain is by far the highest.
这座山是目前最高的。
It’s the third largest province in the country.
它是这个国家的第三大省。
⑶形容词最高级后面的名词,如果前面已经提到过,往往省略。
She is the most beautiful (girl) in the class.
她是这个班上最漂亮的。
The book is the best (book) I have read.
这本书是我读过做好的书。
⑷表示最高级含义
①any other加可数名词单数
Tom is taller than any other boy in class.
汤姆是这个班上最高的。
②any 加可数名词单数
Beijing is bigger than any city in china.
北京是中国最大的城市。
③比较级加than +anyone/anything else
He has gained more points than anyone else.
他的成绩最高。
④比较级加than+(all/any of ) the others
She works harder than any of the others in her company.
她在公司里工作最努力。
6.副词的比较级和最高级。
1)副词的比较级和最高级的构成
副词和形容词一样,也有比较级和最高级。大多数副词的比较级和最高级都是以加more和 most的方法构成,只有少数单音节副词加构成比较级和最高级。还有些副词有不规则的比较级和最高级。
⑴一般副词
原级 比较级 最高级
hard→harder →hardest
fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest
early→earlier →earliest
⑵特殊副词
well →better →best
much →more →most
badly →worse →worst
little →less →least
⑶多音节副词和部分双音节副词加more构成比较级, 加most构成最高级. 少数单音节词也这样。
successfully(成功地)→ more successfully → most successfully
usefully(有用地) → more usefully→ most usefully
slowly(慢慢地)→ more slowly→ most slowly
⑷有的双音节副词(如often, seldom等)可以有两种方式构成比较等级。如:
often—more often / oftener—most often / oftenest
seldom—more seldom / seldomer— most seldom / seldomest
2) 副词比较级的用法
⑴单独使用:
Try to do better next time.
下次争取干好一点。
I had seen the match only a few days earlier.
我是几天前才看的这场比赛。
He’ll come back sooner or later.
他迟早会回来的。
Please speak more slowly.
请讲慢一点。
I determined not to travel farther that night.
我决定那天晚上不再往前走了。
⑵副词比较级和than的使用。
She studies harder than I.
她比我学习刻苦。
He arrived earlier than usual.
他到的比平时早。
John studied the subject further than I do.
这问题约翰研究得比我深。
We work less than he used to.
我们工作的时间比以前少了
也要注意句子的结构,也可省略的词。
I earn more than I did in the past.
我比过去赚得更多。
⑶副词的比较级也可以用一个表示程度的状语:much; far; a lot; still; no; a little; even; any修饰,表示程度。
You must work much more carefully.
你必须工作得更加细心。
You can read even better if you try your best.
如果你尽力的话你会读得更好。
They will come back a little later.
过一会儿他们就会回来。
Mary came late, but her sister came still later.
玛丽来迟了,但是她的妹妹来得更迟。
I am so tired. I can't walk any farther.
我很累了,我再也走不动了。
He will no longer stay here.
他再也不在这儿待了。
I can run a little quicker than before.
我比以前跑的更快一些。
Please read a bit more carefully than before.
请比以前更仔细阅读。
⑷用副词做比较时也可以as/so…as用结构
①as…as 可用在肯定句中,表示 “像……一样”,后面的副词要用原级:
You should do this as quickly as possible.
你应该尽快做这件事。
She can run as fast as a deer.
她能跑的像鹿一样快。
They work as hard as you do.
他们工作像你一样努力。
I hate him as much as you do.
我像你一样恨他。
I’ll be round as quick as I can.
我将尽快过来。
②在否定句中,as…as和so…as都可以用:
I don’t go there as much as I used.
我现在到那里不像过去那么多了。
I didn’t do as (so) well as I should.
我做的不如我应做得那么好。
I can’t jump so(as)loudly as Bill.
我跳高不如比尔。
I don’t like it so (as) your other works.
我喜欢它不及你的其他作品。
③这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语:
I don’t speak half as (so) well as you.
我讲的不及你的一半好。
She can read twice as fast as he does.
她阅读的速度比他快一倍。
The substance reacts three times as fast as the other one.
这种物质的反应速度是另一种物质的三倍。
⑸副词比较级:and比较级结构
It's raining harder and harder.
雨下得越来越大。
She is running more and more quickly.
她跑得越来越快。
He play the piano better and better.
他弹钢琴越来越好。
She went father and farther away.
她走得越来越远了。
⑹The more…the more :
The harder she worked, the more progress she made.
她工作越努力,进步就越大。
The better I know, the more I like her.
越了解她,我越喜欢她。
The more we are together, the merrier we are.
我们待在一起时间越长,我们越快乐。
3)副词最高级:表示三者或三者以上,用最高级
⑴副词最高级通常含有in(地方),of(人物)介词短语说明比较的范围。
She dances (the) best in the class.
她在班里跳舞跳得最好。
Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful.
在这些女孩子中,她是最漂亮的。
Among the three persons, he studies the hardest.
在这三人中,他学的最努力。
⑵在which(who),or?句中,表示三者或三者以上比较时用最高级
Who can type fastest, Tom, Jack or Mary?
汤姆,杰克和玛丽,谁打字最快?
⑶副词最高级可以省去the
She jumps highest of the three.
在三个当中她跳得最高的。
某些比较结构在用法上的区别。
①not more than 和no more than的区别
not more than 意思是“不超过、不得”,no more than的意思为“只有、仅仅”。
There are not more than ten boys in the English class.
在英语课上有不超过十名学生。
There are not more than 20 cups.
这里有不超过20个杯子。
There are no more than 20 cups.
这里仅有20个杯子。
She is no more than a little girl.
她不再是个小女孩了。
②more than 和more… than的区别
more than的用法很多,有多层意思。
He is more than the police.
他不只是名警察。
more… than,不表示比较,意思为:“与其说……不如说……。”
She is more diligent than clever.
与其说她聪明,不如说她勤奋。
He is more brave than wise.
他有勇无谋。
③as likely as not和 as often as not
as likely as not意思为“很可能”, as often as not意思为:“往往、经常”。
She will succeed as likely as not.
她很可能成功。
I will fulfill my ideal as likely as not.
我有可能实现我的理想。
As often as not he is late for the meeting.
他往往开会迟到。
As often as not she breaks her promise.
她往往食言。
④nothing less than的含义
nothing less than与little less than和no less than的含义相同,意思是:“和……一样,完全是……,简直是……”。
That’s nothing less than pure nonsense.
那完全是胡说八道。
That’s nothing less than Imaginary work.
那完全是虚构的作品。
⑤other than的几种含义。
other than的几种含义:“不同、不是、除了、只能”。
What really happened is quite other than what you think.
真正发生的事情和你想的完全不同。
I can't do other than obey.
除了服从,我别无他法。
She bought some books other than children’s books.
她买了一些书都不是儿童读物。
⑥all the +比较级
all the +比较级意思是“更加”。
In nowadays, the rich will become all the richer and the poor will become all the poorer.
如今社会,富人越来越富,穷人越来越穷。
⑦none the +比较级:意思为:“毫不,一点也不”。
A good tale is none the worse for being twice told.
好故事虽再讲也不厌。
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