英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
1.虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类,一类是真实条件句,一类是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发生的,就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如:
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.
如果明天不下雨,我们就去公园。
If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories.
如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的,或将来不大可能发生的,则是虚拟条件句。其用法分三种情况:
1)表示与现在事实相反的情况:
从句: 动词的过去式(be的过去式一般用were)
主句: would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
例如:
If I were you, I would follow the rules.
如果我是你,我会遵守规则。(事实:我不可能是你)
If I knew the truth, I would tell you.
如果我知道真相,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)
If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱)
If she studied harder, she might pass the exam.
如果她再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力)
she looked at me as if I had been a stranger.
她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。(事实:我并非陌生人)
2)表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句: had + 过去分词
主句:would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
例如:
If he had got there earlier, he should/could catch the train.
如果她早到那儿,我就会赶上火车。(事实:去晚了)
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)
3)表示对将来情况的主观推测
与将来事实相反 :
从句: 动词过去式,should + 动词原形,
主句:were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
从句①if+主语+were to do 主句:①主语+should/would/could/might+do
②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do
③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do
例如:
If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小)
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪)
If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。
注意:
⑴助动词should用于第一人称,would用于所有人称。should和would没有词义,might表示可能,could表示能够。如:
If he had had enough money, he could have bought his favorite car.
如果他有足够的钱,他就可以买自己心爱的车。
If she were more careful, she couldn’t make the silly mistake.
如果她再细心点,她就不会犯这么愚蠢的错误。
⑵should+动词原形,表示将来实现的可能性较小。
were to+动词原形, 表示将来绝对不可能实现。
If he should study hard, he would pass the exam.
如果他努力学习的话,他就会通过考试。
The room would be clean if the boy were not to destroy.
如果这个男孩不破坏的话,这个房间就会很整齐。
4)有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致
表示错综时间的虚拟语气),这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如:
If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now.
如果你当初听了医生的话,身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去,主句动作指现在)
Had he received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
如果他在上次选举中超过6票的话,那么他现在就是我们的主席。
If I were you, I would have won the match.
如果我是你的话,我当初就赢得了那次比赛。
It had rained last night; the ground would be wet now.
要是昨晚下过雨的话,现在地面就会是湿的。
You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.
假若你当时听我的话,你现在就会好多了。
5)虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
⑴省略连词if。在书面语中,如果虚拟条件从句中有were,had 或 should,可以把if省略,把这几个词放到主语之前,构成主谓倒装。例如:
Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。
Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it.
我要是你,就不做这事。
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
→Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
如果明天下雨的话,我们就不能登山去了。
If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
→Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus.
如果你来得早点,你就能赶上公共汽车。
⑵用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来,而是通过介词短语来表示。如:
Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things.
如果没有空气的话,就不会有生物了。
But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助,我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如:
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.)
我那天很忙,否则,我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话,我就……);
I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.)
我本来该完成这项工作的,但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话,我就会完成……)
6)省去条件从句或主句:表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略,但其含义仍可以推知。
⑴省去条件从句。如:
You could have washed your clothes yourself.
你本可以自己洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。)
⑵省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如:
If my grandfather were with me!
如果我的祖父与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖父已不在世。);
If only she had not left!
如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
2.虚拟语气的其他用法
1)虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法:在"It is important (strange,natural,necessary)that…"这类句型里,that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should+动词原形”结构,表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如:
It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.
重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
It is strange that she should have left without saying goodbye.
非常奇怪的是,她离开了却没有说再见。
It's a wonder you (should) recognize me after all these years.
在这么多年后你还能认出我,简直是个奇迹。
It is necessary that he(should)be sent there at once.
他被立刻送到哪里是必要的。
It is requested that Professor Li(should)give us a speech.
李教授被要求做个演讲。
It is desired that we(should)get everything ready by tonight.
要求我们今晚必须把每件事情都准备好。
It is impossible that he should go home.
他不可能会回家去。
2)虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法:
⑴在动词wish后的宾语从句中,表示与现在或过去的事实相反,或对将来的主观愿望,从句通常省略连词that。
①表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如:
I wish I knew the truth.
我希望知道真相。(可惜不知道)
I wish I were as beautiful as you.
我希望我能和你一样漂亮。
I wish I could be of some use.
我希望我能有什么用处。
We wish he didn’t smoke.
我们希望他不吸烟。
I wish prices would come down.
我希望物价能降下来。
②表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had+过去分词"。如:
I wish (wished) I hadn’t wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费那么多时间。(实际上已经浪费掉);
I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money.
我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)
I wish I had never stopped teaching.
我后悔我不该放弃教书。
注意:wish与hope接宾语从句的区别在于:hope表示一般可以实现的希望,宾语从句用陈述语气。wish表示很难或不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较:
We hope they will come. (We don’t know if they can come.)
We wish they could come.(We know they are not coming.)
③表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would+动词原形"。此时要注意,主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同,因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现,取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如:
I wish it would stop snowing.
但愿雪能停止。
I wish you would win the match soon.
但愿你会赢得这场比赛。
I wish you would come soon.
但愿你立刻来。
⑵表示“坚持”后的宾语从句
主要是指insist的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
I insisted that he (should) stay.
我坚持要他留下。
The doctor insisted that the patient (should)be X-rayed.
医生坚决认为这个病人需要做X光。
注:动词insist后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别是:若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生,或尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气;若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生,或已经成为事实,则要用陈述语气。比较:
He insisted that I had read his letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。
⑶表示“命令”后的宾语从句
主要是指order, command的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
He ordered that it (should) be sent back.
他命令把它送回去。
⑷表示“建议”后的宾语从句
主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
He suggested that we should leave early.
他建议我们早点动身。
注:与动词insist相似,动词suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虚拟语气外,也可用陈述语气,两者的区别也是:若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实,则用虚拟语气,此时suggest通常译为“建议”;若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实,则要用陈述语气,此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会:
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner.
他建议我们留下吃饭。
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.
我觉得你与他心照不宣。
⑸表示“要求”后的宾语从句
主要是指ask, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
I ask that he leave.
我要求他走开。
He requires that I (should) appear.
他要求我出场。
I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.
我要求他立刻答复我。
⑹表示“提议”“投票”后的宾语从句
主要是指move, vote等后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
I move that we accept the proposal.
我提议通过这项提案。
⑺表示“敦促”后的宾语从句
主要是指动词urge后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
He urged that they go to Europe.
他敦促他们到欧洲去。
⑻表示“安排”后的宾语从句
主要是指动词arrange后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
He arranged that I should go abroad.
他安排我去国外。
⑼表示“希望”“打算”后的宾语从句
主要是指动词desire, intend后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
She desires that he do it.
她希望他做此事。
⑽表示“指示”后的宾语从句
主要是指动词direct后的宾语从句,从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
The general directed that the prisoners should be set free.
将军指示释放那些俘虏。
3)虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
⑴在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中,主句和从句都用虚拟语气,动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:
Even if he had been ill, he would have gone to his office.
即使生了病,他都去办公室。
Even if she were blind, she would have confidence to face it.
即使她是盲人,她也有信心去面对现实。
⑵由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had+过去分词”。如:
He treated me as if I were a stranger.
他那样对待我,好像我是陌生人似的。
She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.
她谈论那部影片,就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生,那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
⑶在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中,谓语动词多用 “could或might(有时也用should)+ 动词原形”。如:
Our teacher spoke slowly so that students could (might) hear clearly.
我们老师说得很慢,好让学生听清楚。
He walked very quickly so that he could catch up with others.
他走得很快,为了能赶上其他人。
⑷在 lest ,for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)引导的目的状语从句中的虚拟语气 。
在 lest ,for fear that( 以免) , in case (以防)从句中用should+动词原形, should 可以省略.
She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
她走得很轻以免吵醒她的室友。
4)虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法:
在"It is time (that) …"句型中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do(优先使用动词过去式),即从句用虚拟过去式。
It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.
我该去学校接我的女儿了。
It is high time you went to work.
你早该上班了。
It is about time that you made decision.
你该做出决定了。
It is high time that we gave up the plan.
我们该放弃这个计划了。
5)虚拟语气在同位语从句中的用法
虚拟语气在suggestion,advice,request,order等意为“建议;命令;要求”的名词后,同位语从句中的谓语动词通常用“should +动词原形”的虚拟语气结构,句中的should可以省略。例如:
Our teacher gave us some advice how we(should)use the English.
我们老师给我们了一些关于如何使用英语的建议。
He gave our suggestion that he( should)be the last to go.
他给我们的建议是他应该最后一个去。
6)if only后的句子用虚拟语气
if only 与 I wish一样,也用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish后所接时态的情况相同:
If only she had had more courage!
她再勇敢一些就好了。
If only I had listened to my parents!
我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。
If only she would go with me!
她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!
注:if only 通常独立使用,没有主句。
7)在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中, 句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气, 表示”宁愿做什么” ,具体用法为:
一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望:
I’d rather you went tomorrow (now).
我宁愿你明天(现在)去。
用过去完成时表过去的愿望:
I’d rather you hadn’t said it.
我真希望你没有这样说过。
8)虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
⑴情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌,或委婉的语气,常见于日常会话中。如:
It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
你最好别太晚睡觉。
⑵在一些习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。
①提出请求或邀请。
Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?
今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗?
Could I use your pen now?
我可以用一下你的钢笔吗?
②陈述自己的观点或看法。
I should glad to meet you.
见到你我会很高兴。
I would try my best to help you.
我会尽力帮助你。
③提出劝告或建议。
You'd better ask your mother first.
你最好先问一问你的母亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④提出问题。
Do you think he could get here on time?
你认为他能按时来吗?
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗?
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:情态动词 + have done。
You should have got here earlier.
你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him.
你早该把它还给他了。
如: I would rather not tell you.
我宁愿不告诉你。
⑶用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。如:
May you be happy!
祝你快乐!
May good luck be yours.
祝你顺利。
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