首页 理论教育 第十五章省略与倒装(

第十五章省略与倒装(

时间:2023-04-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:1.省略(Ellipsis)在英语中,为了语言精练,密切联系上下文,常常在不引起误解的情况下,省去句中一个或几个成分,这种现象叫做省略。省略的目的是为了避免重复,使语言精练,结构严谨,既不引起歧义,也不改变原句的意思。⑵省略谓语或谓语的一部分They learn English and we Chinese.他们学英语,我们学汉语。as结构中的省略这种结构中,从句于主句重复的词可以省略;把两个时间地点等相比较时,第一个as可省略。

1.省略(Ellipsis)

在英语中,为了语言精练,密切联系上下文,常常在不引起误解的情况下,省去句中一个或几个成分,这种现象叫做省略。省略的目的是为了避免重复,使语言精练,结构严谨,既不引起歧义,也不改变原句的意思。句子被省略的部分一般为上文已经出现的词语,或者是并非上文出现的内容,但在意义上是不言而明的部分。大体上省略可以分为不用替代词的省略和用替代词的省略两种。

1) 不用替代词的省略

⑴省掉主语

(I) Beg your pardon.

请再说一遍。

(It) Sounds like a good idea.

听起来是一个好主意。

(I) See you later.

回头见。

(I) Thank you for your help.

谢谢你的帮助。

⑵省略谓语或谓语的一部分

They learn English and we (learn) Chinese.

他们学英语,我们学汉语。

(Is there ) Anything I can do for you ?

要我帮忙吗?

He is an engineer, and his wife (is ) a teacher.

他是位工程师,他的妻子是一名教师。

⑶省略表语

—Are you a doctor?

你是医生吗?

—Yes, I am (a doctor )

是的,我是。

⑷省略宾语

This is the notebook(that) you’re looking for.

这是你正在找的笔记本。

—Is Mr. Green in his office?

—Sorry, I don't know (whether he is or not.

格林先生在办公室吗?对不起,我不知道。

⑸省略主语和谓语或主谓和谓语的一部分

(Come )This way, please.

请走这边。

—What does she want to drink?

她想喝什么?

—(She wants)beer.

啤酒

In winter it is colder in Beijing than (it is )in Nanjing.

北京的冬天比南京要冷。

What a good girl (she is )!

她是多好的学生啊!

What a wonderful football match (it is) for Jim!

对吉姆来说这是多么精彩的足球比赛啊!

(It is) my mistake.

我的错。

⑹省略主、谓或宾语

—To whom did you lend the bike?

你把自行车借给谁了?

—To John.(I lend the bike)

约翰。

—What do you think made John so happy?

你认为什么使约翰如此高兴?

— (I think)winning his match (made John so happy).

他赢得了比赛。

⑺as…as结构中的省略

这种结构中,从句于主句重复的词可以省略;把两个时间地点等相比较时,第一个as可省略。

She looked after the baby as carefully as (she looked) after her own.

她就像照顾自己的孩子一样照顾那个婴儿。

The work (having been) done, he left the office.

做完工作后,他离开办公室。

⑻其他成分的省略

You understand? (省略了助动词Do)

Anything I can do for you ?(省略了Is there)

Lily’s is a beautiful skirt.(省略了所有格后面的名词skirt)

Is the baby a girl or a girl?(省略了冠词a)

2) 用替代词的省略

在有些情况下,当我们省略某个词、词组或句子时,还需要个替代词,常用的替代词有:

助动词:do(does), 代词: it, 连词:that, 关系词: that, who, 不定式符号:to, 名词:one (ones)等。

⑴to代替不定式

to代替不定式,常同refuse, want, seem, intend, expect, hope, like, be afraid, prefer, care, oblige, forget, wish, try等动词连用。

—Would you like to have a cup of tea?

你想来杯茶吗?

—I'd like to (have a cup of tea).

我想。

You may go with them if you want to (go).

如果你愿意的话,也可以和他们一起去。

注意:如果不定式中含有be, have,或have been,一般要保留be, have或have been。

—Are you on holiday?

你放假了吗?

—No, but I’d like to be ( on holiday).

没有。不过我真愿意。

—She hasn’t done it yet.

她还没有做。

—She ought to (have done it).

她该做。

⑵so 和not

so 可以代替单词、词组或句子,做call, expect, hope, do, fear, imagine, suppose, speak, tell, think, believe, be afraid, see, notice等宾语;not代替句子,用法和so相似,并可以放在perhaps, probably, absolutely等副词后面。

Is the famous singer going to give any performance at the evening party?

这位著名歌手在晚会上要表演节目的吧?

He smokes a lot, and his brother does so.

他烟瘾很大,他的弟弟也是。

I expect so.

我想是吧。

I expect not. (I don't expect so.)

我认为不会。

He must be a teacher. I imagine so.

他一定是老师。我认为是。

Do you think so?

你是这样想吗?

Absolutely not.

当然不是。

注意:so作替代词一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,口气比较委婉,不表示肯定,也不表示否定,因此,在表示肯定或怀疑的答句中不可用so。再know和ask后也不可用so。

—Are they coming to the party?

—I’m sure of it.(正)

I doubt it. (正)

I’m sure so.(误)

I doubt so. (误)

He knows that. (正)

He knows so. (误)

⑶do

do可以用来代替动词或动词加其他成分。

—Did you watch the match?

你去看那场比赛了吗?

—Yes. I did.

是的,去看了。

He speaks English more fluently than you do.

他英语讲得比你流畅。

Tom speaks Chinese as good as he does English.

汤姆的汉语和英语说得一样好。

She prefers red roses to white ones.

比起白玫瑰她更喜欢红玫瑰。

⑷所有格后的名词

名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、办公室、店铺、教堂或上文己暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。

They'll go to the 's teacher’(office)in a minute.

一会儿他们要到老师的办公室去。

No dustmen come to the Turner's (street).

没有垃圾清运工到特纳家所在的街道上来。

⑸one和ones

one和ones具有泛指的性质,常指替代单数或复数名词,不能替代不可数名词。使用时应注意:

①one和ones与其所替代的名词在数方面和句法功能上可以不一致以及所指意义上可以不同。

I prefer the new edition to the old ones.

和旧版本相比我更喜欢新版本。(数不一致)

Do you see the teachers over there? The one wearing red coat is his mother.

你看见那些老师了吗?那个穿红上衣的是他妈妈。(句法功能上不一致)

I don’t like this film. I like a more interesting one.

我不喜欢这部电影。我喜欢看更有趣的。(所指对象不同)

②one前面有this或that,ones 前面有these或those,或者前面又形成对比的形容词、最高级或the next, the last时one和ones可以省略。

Let’s finish the exercise so we can do the next(one).

我们做完这个练习,好做下一个。

③所有格my, your, our, her, their 被其相应的物主代词mine等代替时。不用one或ones.

This is my book, not yours.(不能说yours one).

这是我的书,不是你的。

I prefer to use my own.(不能说my own one).

我更喜欢用自己的。

④Whose和名词所有格后面不能用one或ones。own后不能用one或ones。

Whose is it?(不能说whose one)

它是谁的?

Her gift is better than her sister’s.

(不能说brother’s one)她的礼物比她妹妹的要好。

⑹one和that作替代词时的区别

①one 可以代替人或物, that只能代替物。

I haven't a car; can you lend me one?

我没有车,你能借我你的车吗?

I have a uncle, one in the army.

我有一个叔叔,他在部队。

Look at the clock, that the wall.

看那座钟,墙上那座。

②one只能代替可数名词;that可替代可数名词与不可数名词。

The novel is as interesting as the one I read last year.

这本小说和我去年读的那本一样有趣。

The weather here is rather hotter than that in Beijing.

这里的天气比北京的热。

③one 可以有前置或后置定语;而that只能有后置定语。

Your answer is better than that of hers.

你的答案比她的好。

This is a red pen, and I have three other blue ones.

这是一枝红钢笔,我还有三只别的。

Please look at the map, the one on the right wall.

请看地图,右边墙上的那幅。

④one(不加定语)表示泛指;that表示特指。

The music is as sweet as that we heard yesterday.

这首曲子和我昨天听的那首一样美。

A poem written by an American poet is usually harder to understand than one by a Chinese poet.美国作家写的诗通常比中国作家写得难懂。

3)句子的省略

⑴简单句的省略

①在对话中,主要是在回答别人的问题/接着别人说话时

——Will you come together?

你愿意和我们一起吗?

——I should love to.

我愿意。

——To whom did you lend the bike?

你把自行车借给谁了?

——To Mary.

借给玛丽。

——When will the plane take off?

飞机何时起飞?

——In about one hour.

一小时后。

——May I smoke here?

我可以在这里吸烟吗?

——No, you’d better not.

不,最好不要吸烟。

②发生在陈述自己的意见,提出问题或要求时,或在感叹句中。

Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

盼望不久能收到你的来信。

Why not come?

为什么不来。

What to do next?

下一步该怎么办?

Delicious!

味道好极了!

No move!

不许动。

③报纸标题和文章标题中用省略句以节省篇幅。

Profits of Praise

赞扬的好处

How to learn a foreign language

如何学外语

Usher in the 21-st Century!

迎接21世纪的到来!

④独立结构中的being和 having been可以省略。

The party (being) over, the people went home.

聚会结束了,人们回家了。

The task (having been) done, he had a good rest.

任务完成了,他可以好好休息了。

⑵并列句的省略:

①在并列句中如果后面分句中的主语有与前面主句的主语或宾语相同,就可以根据情况将其中一个分句的相同部分省略,以免重复。

He walked and (he) sang.

他边走边唱。

She washed the fish and cooked (the fish).

他把鱼洗干净后就开始做。

在并列名词结构中,相同的成分也可以省略。

Young (people) and old people.

年轻人和老年人

Old men and (old )women.

老爷爷和老太太。

②在并列句中如果后面分句中的谓语有与前面主句的谓语相同,就可以根据情况将其中一个分句的相同部分省略,以免重复

He majors in Chinese and I (major) in French.

他的专业是汉语,我的专业是法语。

I like to cook and he(likes)to wash.

我喜欢做饭,他喜欢洗衣服。

但是如果be, do, have在前一句中是主要动词,而在后一分句作助动词,这时,后一分句的助动词不可以省略。

She was late and she was explaining herself.

她迟到了,她正在解释。

He has a good memory and he has recited the poem that he learned.

他记性很好,他已经背完了以前学的诗歌。

③在并列句中如果后面分句中的系动词语或表语有与前面主句的系动词语或表语相同,就可以根据情况将其中一个分句的相同部分省略,以免重复

His mother is an engineer and his father (is) a doctor.

他的母亲是工程师,他的父亲是医生。

His face is tanned and his hands (are) big and strong.

他的脸被晒黑了,他的手很大而且强壮。

She was born in winter in 1980 and Tom(was born in winter )in 1980.

她出生在1980年的冬天,汤姆也是在1980年冬天出生。。

④后一分句中剩下的往往是一个恰可用来修饰前面分词中谓语的状语,表示一个事后想起的意念。

We tried to persuade her but (we tried ) in vain.

我们想劝服她,但没有成功。

⑶复合句的省略

①状语从句中的主谓省略

A.在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等连词引导的从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,而且从句中的谓语动词是be,可以将状语从句中的主谓省略。

When (he was ) walking in the street, he met a friend.

他在街上走的时候,遇到了一位朋友。

Don’t say anything unless (you are) asked.

如果没人问你的话,不要说什么。

Although (she is young), she knows a lot.

虽然她很年轻,但是她知道的很多。

B.如果从句主谓语是it is或it was,可以省略主谓结构, if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是这种结构。

He ran as fast as (it was) possible.

他拼命跑。

If (it is )necessary, put a comma.

有必要的话,加一个逗号。

注意:由after, because, before等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等,用-ing代替动词。

Because he was ill he didn’t attend the meeting.

因为他病了,所以未出席会议。

Because of being ill, he didn’t attend the meeting.

②比较状语从句的省略

如果从句中含有与主句相同成分,通常仅保留参与比较的部分,省略其他成分。

She has done more than (what)is required.

她做的比要求的要多。

They are more careful than (they have)ever (been).

他们比以前更细心。

I like her more than (I like )him.

我喜欢她比他要多。

在限制性定语从句中作状语的关系副词when、why、where也可以省去。

This is the very reason (why) I am late.

这就是我为何迟到的理由。

This was the first time (when) I had visited shanghai.

这是我第一次参观上海。

③当wh-疑问从句作宾语时如果其内容与上文重复可以省略从句,只保留wh-疑问词。在选择疑问句、反义疑问句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反义疑问句的答语中,通常都承前将重复的成分省略

He will come back, but he doesn't know when (he will come back).

他将回来,但不知道什么时间。

In summer it is hotter in Shenzhen than (it is) in Beijing.

在夏天,深圳比北京热。

(It is a)Pity that he’s failed.

太可惜他失败了。

A.在回答问题时:

例:

——May I smoke here?

我可以在这抽烟吗?

——I’m afraid not.

不可以。

B.有些表示时间/地点/条件/方式/让步等状语从句中,如果谓语包含助动词be,主语又和句子的主语一致时,或主语是it时,就可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分,尤其是助动词be省略掉。

Do what as told.

按照所讲的去做

Any mistake,once found, must be corrected.

一旦发现任何错误,就必须加以改正。

If not well managed, the programme will not succeed.

如果管理不善,这个计划就不会成功。

④由固定词组引导的疑问句:

What about having a cup of coffee?

喝杯咖啡怎么样?

How come they left you alone here?

他们怎么把你一人留在这里?

What if it’s snowing?

下雪了怎么办?

Why not try again?

为什么不再试试?

⑤连词和关系代词在复合句中也可以省略。

It is a pity (that) she didn’t attend the party.

她没有参加这个聚会太可惜了。

I hope (that) it will be a sunny day tomorrow.

我希望明天是个好天气。

It is a different electronic dictionary from (that) I am used to.

这个电子词典和我以前用的不一样。

⑥宾语从句的省略。

A.在know/think/consider/suppose/find/believe/say/decide等动词后面接的宾语从句中,连词可省略,若带有多个宾语从句,则只能省略第一个that.

I know (that) he will understand me in the future.

我知道他会理解我的。

I believe (that)he will pass the national college entrance examination this year.

我相信他能通过今年的高考。

I heard that he has joined the army.

我听说他参军了。

Our teacher said(that)the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.

我们老师说这篇课文很重要,我们要用心学。

B.以which/when/where/how和why引导的宾语从句在其谓语与主句谓语相同时,可省略全部谓语,甚至主语也省略,仅保留一个wh词。

She will go to New York, but I don’t know when (she will go to New York.)

她将去纽约但我不知道她何时去。

She can’t come, but I don’t know why (she can’t come).

她不能来,但我不知道为什么她不能。

⑦虚拟句的省略

If引导的虚拟条件从句中含had/were/should,可以把had/were/should提到句前,省略if

Had he worked hard (If he had worked hard),he would have got through the examinations.

如果他努力学习了,他就会通过考试。

在与suggest/request/order/advise等词有关的名词性从句须用虚拟语气形式“主语+should+动词原形”,其中should可以省略。

We all agree on his suggestion that we (should)work on the project at once.

我们都赞成他的建议,立刻开始这个项目。

2. 倒装(inversion)

英语中的正常语序是主语在前,谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调,就要采用倒装形式。倒装语序是将谓语动词置于主语之前。谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装,只将助动词、系动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。

1)完全倒装(主谓倒装):是指把谓语全部提到主语的前面。

⑴以here, there,thus, then引导的句子,要完全倒装。这种句子中的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。

如:

Here comes the train!

火车来到这里了。

There goes the bell!

铃又开始响了。

Then came a new rapid development.

然后出现了快速发展的局面。

Thus raised a new problem in this class.

由此在这个班里又产生了新的问题。

注意:若代词作主语,只把该副词提前主谓语序不变。

Here he comes.

他来了。

Here it is .

给你。

⑵句首是拟声词或 out , in , up ,away , down 等副词,句子要完全倒装。(注意,这时句子的主语也必须是名词。如果是人称代词,也不能使用倒装结构。) 如:

Up went the rocket into the sky.

火箭升向天空。

Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.

轰炸机肚子底下窜出一枚导弹。

Away flew the bird.

那鸟飞走了。

Suddenly, in came a man with a mask on his face.

突然进来一个蒙着面具的人

⑶介词短语作表语在句首,句子要完全倒装

Among my class are a few boys.

在我们班中男生很少。

On the wall are some precious photos.

墙上有很多珍贵的照片。

Gone are the days when we have nothing to eat.

没有饭吃的日子过去了。

⑷介词短语作状语在句首,句子要完全倒装。注意,这时句子的谓语动词通常是不及物动词。

如:

In the front of the lecture hall sat the speaker.

发言的人坐在演讲大厅的最前面。

On the ground lay a miserable beggar.

地上躺着一个可怜的乞丐。

Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.

在这货物当中,有圣诞树、花、蜡烛和玩具。

⑸so/ neither/ nor 表示前面所说的情况也适合于后者,其倒装结构为“so/ neither/ nor+助动词/系动词/情态动词”,这里的主语同前一个句子的主语指的是同一人或物。如:

She has washed her clothes, so has her sister.

她已经洗完了她的衣服,她的妹妹也洗完了。

She hasn’t gone there, neither/ nor has he.

她没有去哪里,他也没有去。

⑹当形容词、过去分词做表语位于句首时,要完全倒装。

Present at the meeting were Professor li, Professor Zhang and many other guests.

出席这次会议的有李教授、张教授和其他客人。

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.

他们为中国人做点想做的事情,这样的时期已经过去了。

⑺there be 句型要全部倒装。

在There be…的句式中,There只是个引导词而不是主语,真正的主语是后面作表语的名词或者名词短语。

There are large numbers of audiences in the cinema.

电影院里有很多观众。

There is a pen in the pencil case。

文具盒里有一支笔。

There is some water in the glass。

玻璃杯里有一些水。

2)部分倒装(助动词倒装)是指把谓语的一部分(助动词)提到主语的前面。

⑴用于疑问句中。如:

How did you know that?

你是怎么知道的?

Did you see the football match yesterday?

昨天你看了那场足球赛吗?

if 从句中如有 were(had , should ), if 省去后,要部分倒装,把were,had,should提到主语前面。如:

If you had come yesterday, you would have seen him.

Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.

如果你昨天来的话,你就会见到他。

⑵as 引导的让步状语从句,要部分倒装(表语、状语倒装)。有以下几种形式:

①副词置于句首。如:

Much as I like it (=Although I like it very much), I will not buy it.

虽然我非常喜欢它,我也不会买的。

②动词置于句首。如:

Wait as you may (= Although you may wait), he will not see you.

尽管你可以等他,他也不会见你。

③形容词或名词置于句首。如:

Proud as the nobles are (=Although the nobles are proud), they are afraid to see me.

虽然贵族非常自傲,但是他们害怕见我。

Child as he is (=Although he is a child, he can tell right from wrong.

虽然他是个孩子,但是他能分清对错。

注意:如果名词前有形容词修饰时,as引导的倒装句中要保留不定冠词。如:

A bad-tempered man as he is (=Although he is a bad-tempered man), he loves me deeply.

虽然他脾气很坏,但是我非常爱我。

④句首为否定词或否定意义的词语时,句子要部分倒装。( not , not only , never , little , seldom , not until, hardly (scarcely ) , no sooner, not once, at no time,... )

Little do we know about her.

我们对她了解很少。

No sooner had he finished his homework than his friends ask him.

他刚做完作业,他的朋友就来叫他。

Seldom does he go home early.

他很少早早回家。

Not until he came back did I know about it.

直到他回来时我才了解这事。

⑤only 在句首引导状语,或not until 引导的状语在句首,主句要部分倒装。如:

Only then did he realize the important of English, he started to study hard.

只有当他意识到学习英语的重要性,他才开始努力学习。

Only when a child grows up does he understand his parents’ intentions.

只有当这个孩子长大的时候,他才能理解父母的意图。

但若only修饰的是句子的其他成分,则无需倒装。如:

Only socialism can save China.

只有社会主义才能救中国。(only修饰句子的主语,仍用正常语序)

⑥not only ... but also ... 引导两个并列句,前倒后不倒。如:

Not only does he do well in his lessons, but also he often helps others with their lessons.

他不仅自己学习好,而且经常帮助他人。

⑦在以often, well, many a time, now and again等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构

Many a time has Tom helped me to do the housework?

汤姆很多次帮我做家务劳动。

Often have we finished the homework on time.

我们经常能够按时完成作业。

⑧用于某些表示祝愿的句子里。

May you succeed!

希望你能成功。

Long live the People’s Republic of China.

中华人民共和国万岁。

⑨so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装。

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.

他讲话声音很大,甚至在隔壁的人都能听见。

so…that结构中的倒装。有时要强调so 所修饰的形容词或副词,常将so连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提到句首。这时,主句要用倒装结构。如:

He runs so fast that he is far ahead of others.--So fast does he run that he is far ahead of others.

他跑得很快,超过了其他人。

He is so clever that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.

So clever is he that he can work out all the difficult problems in the book.

(全部倒装)他是如此的聪明,以至于可以对付书上所有难题。

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