词汇的理解

2.词汇的理解

考生根据文章上下文去理解词汇的意思，因为在试题中有不少词汇具有一词多义的普遍现象。所以只有紧密地结合句子的本身去理解词义、确定词义、引申词义，这样才能够准确地表达词义。

Part C

范文与答案解析

(1)

The Earth is full!Four billion people have crammed into every desirable and fruitful area and have spilled over into all the barren and inhospitable areas.Under the pressure of the fullness，the wilderness is disappearing，competing plants and animals are dying out;the weather is changing and the soil is failing.(1)And yet there is perhaps an even more fundamental danger to humanity in the Earth＇s fullness than is represented by any sort of physical deterioration.Humanity began as a thin cluster of primitive hominids in East Africa about four million years ago.About two million years ago，the first hominids appeared who were sufficiently close in structure to the human being to be placed into Genus Homo.It was not until 150，000 years ago that the hominid brain developed to a size sufficient to produce the first organisms we can classify as Homo Sapiens，and it was only 50，000 years ago that“modern man”，Homo Sapiens，made his appearance on the Earth.

His increase in range was slow indeed.(2)It was not till 30，000 years ago that human beings began to enter Australia and the American continents，and even as late as 300 years ago，those continents were but thinly occupied.

Then came the Industrial Revolution and the Earth filled with what was，on the evolutionary scale，an explosion.(3)In a couple of centuries，the world population quintupled from 0.8 billion to 4.2 billion，and now Earth bears all the human load it can manage and，in many places，somewhat more than it can manage.

Consider，then，that we and our hominid ancestors evolved on an essentially empty Earth.(4)There was always the possibility，during times of stress，that one might pick up as much of one＇s belongings as one could carry and travel to the other side of the hill，where conditions might be better，where a new life might be built and where a new chance might be taken.

This was true even after civilization appeared，very late in human history.The Greeks and Phoenicians colonized the shores of the Mediterranean;the Russians pushed into the Ukraine and Siberia;the Bantus into eastern and southern Africa;the Polynesians from island to island across the Pacific.In modern times，Europeans flooded into the Americas and Australias.In every case，a thin wave of early migrants was replaced by a much denser wave of later ones.

By the 1920＇s，however，the freedom to migrate vanished.No nation，no region，any longer welcomed newcomers;all nations，all regions，had the power to exclude.(5)Even when migration did take place with permission，migrants had to fit into the full society，too massive to change for them.There was no chance of building a new society.

(1)但对人类来说，与自然环境的恶化相比，人满为患也许是一个更为严重的危险。

分析:本句的主干是there is a more fundamental danger than…。考查的是比较级句型more…than…和than后面引导的定语从句的翻译。句子是把danger in the Earth＇s fullness(人满为患的危险)和any sort of physical deterioration进行比较。而than is represented by any sort of physical deterioration即相当于than the danger that is represented by any sort of physical deterioration.本句可以翻译为“但对人类来说，人满为患也许比自然环境的恶化是一个更为严重的危险”，但考虑到汉语的行文习惯将译文分成三个部分。

(2)直到三万年之前，人类才进入澳洲和南北美洲，而直到三百年之前，澳洲和美洲大陆的人口密度还很小。

分析:本句考查考生对it was…that…和not until这两个特殊句型的掌握和对句尾but一词的理解。But在这里不是一个起转折作用的连接词，而是作为副词，表示“仅仅，只有”，起到加强语气的作用。

(3)在两个世纪中，世界人口增加了5倍，从8亿增加到了42亿。现在，地球承受了人类的全部重担，已经到了它能承受的极限;在许多地方，负担之重，甚至已经不堪承受了。

分析:本句考查定语从句的翻译。It(Earth)can manage和somewhat more than it can manage都做human load的定语，其中in many places，somewhat more than it can manage即相当于Earth now bears the human load somewhat more than the load that it can manage in many places.

(4)当生活发生困难的时候，他们往往可以收拾能随身携带的行李，爬过山头，来到山的那边;那里的自然条件可能会好些，他们就可以重新开始生活，并获得新的发展机会。

分析:本句的考查点是同位语从句，宾语从句和定语从句。句子的主干是there was always the possibility that…其中that之后的部分作possibility的同位语。而同位语从句中，句子的主干部分是one might pick up…and travel to…，其中as much…as…作pick up的宾语，where condition might be better，where a new life might be built和where a new chance might be taken作the other side of the hill的定语。在把句子翻译成汉语时，可以考虑把同位语从句的主干部分the possibility that省略掉，只翻译that之后的部分。

(5)即使允许移民，庞大的社会也不可能为少数移民而改变，只能要求移民完全融入所在国或所在地区的社会。

分析:本句考查重点是too…to…句型的翻译。在本句中，massive和change的逻辑主语都是the society，而不是migrants，因此在翻译成汉语时，可以考虑将the society作为句子的主语。

(2)

(1)Science is generally taken as meaning either(a)the exact sciences，such as chemistry，physics，etc.，or(b)a method of thought which obtains verifiable results by reasoning logically from observed fact.

If you ask any scientist，or indeed almost any educated person，“what is science?”you are likely to get an answer approximating to(b).In everyday life，however，both in speaking and in writing，when people say“science”they mean(a).Science means something that happens in a laboratory:the very word calls up a picture of graphs，test-tubes，balances，microscopes.A biologist，an astronomer，perhaps a psychologist or a mathematician，is described as a“man of science”:no one would think of applying this term to a statesman，a poet，a journalist or even a philosopher.And(2)those who tell us that the young must be scientifically educated mean，almost invariably，that they should be taught more about radioactivity，or the stars，or the physiology of their own bodies，rather than that they should be taught to think more exactly.

This confusion of meaning，which is partly deliberate，has in it a great danger.(3)Implied in the demand for more scientific education is the claim that if one has been scientifically trained one＇s approach to all subjects will be more intelligent than if one had had no such training.A scientist＇s political opinions，it is assumed，his opinions on sociological questions，on morals，on philosophy，perhaps even on the arts，will be more valuable than those of a layman.The world，in other words，would be a better place if the scientists were in control of it.But a“scientist”，as we have just seen，means in practice a specialist in one of the exact sciences.(4)It follows that a chemist or a physicist，as such，is politically more intelligent than a poet or a lawyer，as such.And，in fact，there are already millions of people who do believe this.

But is it really true that a“scientist”，in this narrow sense，is any likelier than other people to approach non-scientific problems in an objective way?There is not much reason for thinking so.Take one simple test—the ability to withstand nationalism.(5)It is often loosely said that“science is international”，but in practice the scientific workers of all countries line up behind their governments with fewer scruples than are felt by the writers and the artists.

(1)科学一般被定义为:甲，精确科学，如化学、物理等等;乙，一种通过逻辑推理从观察到的事实得出可验证的结论的思维方式。

分析:本句重点考查的是对either…or…句型以及which引导的定语从句的理解。either…or…的意思是“不是……就是……”，二者属于并列关系，由于本句出现项目编号(a)和(b)，因此either…or…不必译出，只要将英文的项目编号用中文的“甲”和“乙”来表示即可。which引导的定语从句的先行词是“一种思维方式”(a method of thought)，由于甲项是一个名词词组，因此译成汉语后的乙项最好也用一个名词词组来表示，以体现两者间的平行关系。

(2)有人告诉我们说年轻人必须得到科学方面的教育，但他们不外乎是说年轻人应该多知道一点辐射、恒星或是人体的生理机能，而并非指应该教年轻人学会更严密地思考。

分析:本句重点考查对定语从句、宾语从句和rather than句型的翻译。鉴于原句较长且结构较复杂，在译成汉语时可考虑将这个长句用两个以上的较短的句子来表达。比较合适的译法是把原句从插入语almost invariably处分开，将原句的主语单独译成一个句子，而给插入语后面的宾语从句部分补上逻辑主语“他们”译成另一个完整的句子。rather than句型的意思是“而不是……，而非……”。

(3)加强科学教育的呼吁暗示了一种信念，即如果得到了科学的训练，人们对于所有学科的认识会比没有经过这种训练时要来的明智。

分析:本句重点考查对主语从句、同位语从句、条件句及比较级的翻译。由于本句的结构非常复杂，建议在翻译时将它从连词that处分开，译成两个句子。“Implied in the demand…claim”构成一个完整的句子，that后面条件句构成另一个句子，用于补充说明这种信念的内容。

(4)那么接下去的推论就是这样一个化学家或者物理学家在政治上要比一个诗人或者律师明智。

分析:本句主要考查对It follows that…句型的翻译。该句型的意思是“由此得出结论……，因而断定……”，as such的意思是“同样地”。

(5)人们常说“科学无国界”，但在实际上，所有国家的科学工作者在追随本国政府时比起作家和艺术家来更少顾忌。

分析:本句主要考查对It is said that…句型及比较级的翻译。在该句型中It是形式主语，真正的逻辑主语是“science is international”。短语in practice的意思是“实际上”，line up behind的意思是“追随”。另外，为了避免重复，作者将构成比较级的连词“than”后面的that are felt by the writers and the artists中的that省略掉了，实际上如果补上that，那么that指代的就是上文提到的scruples(“犹豫、顾虑”)，作者是将科学工作者的顾虑与作家和艺术家的顾虑进行比较。

(3)

(1)Although art historians have spent decades demystifying van Gogh＇s legend，they have done little to diminish his vast popularity.Auction prices still soar;visitors still overpopulate van Gogh exhibitions，and The Starry Night remains almost everywhere on dormitory and kitchen walls.So complete is van Gogh＇s global apotheosis that Japanese tourists now make pilgrimages to Auvers to sprinkle their relatives＇ashes on his grave.What accounts for the endless appeal of the van Gogh myth?It has at least two deep and powerful resources.(2)At the most primitive level，it provides a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as the story of heroic sacrifice to art.Anyone who has ever felt isolated and unappreciated can identify with van Gogh and hope not only for a spectacular redemption but also to put critics and doubting relatives to shame.At the same time，the myth offers an alluringly simplistic conception of great art as the product，not of particular historical circumstances and the artist＇s painstaking calculations，but of the naive and spontaneous outpourings of a mad，holy fool.(3)The gaping discrepancy between van Gogh＇s long-suffering life and his remarkable posthumous fame remains a great and undeniable historical irony.But the notion that he was an artistic idiot savant is quickly dispelled by even the most glancing examination of the artist＇s letters.It also must be dropped after acquainting oneself with the rudimentary facts of van Gogh＇s family background，upbringing，and early adulthood.

(4)The image of van Gogh as a disturbed and forsaken artist is so strong that one easily reads it back into his childhood and adolescence.But if van Gogh had died at age twenty，no one would have connected him with failure or mental illness.Instead he would have been remembered by those close to him as a competent and dutiful son with a promising career in the family art dealing business.He was，in fact，poised to surpass his father and to come closer to living up to the much-esteemed van Gogh name.

(5)The van Goghs were an old and distinguished Dutch family who could trace their lineage in Holland back to the sixteen＇s century.Among Vincent＇s five uncles，one reached the highest rank of vice-admiral in the Navy and three others prospered as successful art dealers.Van Gogh＇s grandfather，also named Vincent，had attained an equally illustrious status as an intellectually accomplished Protestant minister.The comparative modest achievement of the artist＇s father，Theodorus，proved the exception，not the rule.

(1)尽管艺术史家们数十年来一直在淡化梵·高传奇的神秘色彩，但梵·高受欢迎的程度几乎丝毫未减。

分析:本句重点考查对让步状语从句的翻译。需要注意的是主句中的“little”带有否定含义，表示“几乎没有”的意思，而不能翻译成“一些”。

(2)表面上看，梵·高神话是一则为艺术英勇牺牲的故事。但它满足的是人性，激起的是人人皆有的复仇幻想。任何一个感到被人冷落、遭人轻视的人，都能与梵·高心心相印，进而希望能像梵·高那样有朝一日被人肯定，让批评他的人，怀疑他的亲属无地自容。

分析:本句重点考查对定语从句和not only…but also…句型的翻译。第一句话中，主语It指代的是上文提到the endless appeal of the van Gogh myth，即“梵·高神话”，而该句中定语从句a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy disguised as…的关系代词被省掉了，实际相当于a satisfying and nearly universal revenge fantasy that is disguised as…。第二句话中identify with的意思是“视……为一体，使……等同于”，而不定式to put critics and doubting relatives to shame实际上是作hope的宾语，表示hope的内容。

(3)梵·高生前长期饱受磨难，死后却如此声名卓著，差别如此之大，无疑是历史上的极大讽刺。

分析:本句比较简单，只要正确理解句中的关键词，就不难把它译成汉语。gaping的意思是“大而深的”，discrepancy的意思是“差异”，posthumous的意思是“身后的”。

(4)在人们的印象中，梵·高是个精神异常，被人遗弃的艺术家，这种根深蒂固的看法自然促使人们将这些不幸归咎他的童年与青少年。

分析:本句重点考查对so…that…句型的翻译。该句型的意思是“如此……以至于……”，也就是说梵·高作为一个精神异常，被人遗弃的艺术家形象在人们心中是如此的根深蒂固，以至于人们很容易将这些不幸归咎他的童年与青少年。短语read into的意思是“对……做某种解释”，it指代的是the image of van Gogh。

(5)梵·高家族是荷兰的名门望族，家史悠久，可以追溯到十六世纪。

分析:本句较简单，重点考查对定语从句的翻译。the van Goghs指的是整个梵·高家族。短语trace back to的意思是“追溯到”。

(4)

The Federal Reserve System was created，in 1913，for many reasons，but the underlying one was that people no longer trusted private bankers to shepherd the financial markets.(1)Prior to the Fed＇s founding，the government had had no effective weapon to temper the country＇s economic cycles，nor was there much it could do to ease the periodic crises that afflicted Wall Street.Too often，the government had had to go hat in hand to a private banker for help.By the Progressive Era，with its suspicion of trusts and its faith in regulation，people wanted a bank that would represent the public interest.Ever since，the Fed has been a public servant but one that works in close proximity to private banks and to Wall Street.(2)It is a delicate role，for the Fed is supposed to regulate banking but not to shelter bankers.It must protect the functioning of markets without appearing to be too close—too protective—of the banks it watches over.

(3)The side of the Fed most often seen in public is its governing board，in Washington，which has the high-profile job of adjusting short-term interest rates.The chairman of this body is the country＇s chief inflation fighter and，in a larger sense，the steward of its economy.Alan Greespan，who has been chairman since 1987，is probably the most respected of all those who have held this job，thanks to the economy＇s stellar performance during his tenure.If Greespan has perfected a convoluted，often impenetrable style of public utterances，this has only heightened his image as the nation＇s economic oracle.

(4)More than is commonly realized，Greespan relies on the Fed＇s individual branches，particularly on the New York Fed，which，among its other roles，functions as Washington＇s periscope into markets.William McDonough，the beefy president of the New York Fed，kept in close touch with private bankers and reported on what he heard to Greespan.His associate was Peter Fisher，in 1998，a forty-two-year-old bureaucrat who had joined the Fed straight out of Harvard Law School.Fisher ran the Fed＇s trading desk and oversaw a$450 billion portfolio of government securities.(5)When Greespan wanted to tighten or loosen monetary conditions，Fisher and his staff actually carried out the directive by either buying more securities or selling some.

(1)在美联储建立之前，美国政府根本就没有任何有效的武器来对整个国家经济发展的周期进行掌控，也缺乏有效的政策工具对华尔街周期性发生的危机进行宏观调控。

分析:本题重点考查对连词Nor引导的句子的翻译。Nor的意思是“也不”，由它引导的句子虽然形式上是肯定的，但意思上是否定的，而且整个句子需要倒装，就相当于there wasn＇t much it could do to ease the periodic crises that afflicted Wall Street，而it指代的是the government。

(2)联储所要起到的作用是非常微妙的:它既要对整个银行系统进行有效的管理，又不能成为银行家们的庇护所;它必须保护整个金融市场的正常运作，又不能与其所监管的银行走得太近，因为这往往会导致过分的保护。

分析:本句重点考查对由for引导的状语从句及定语从句的翻译。，第一句的主语It指代的是上一句提到的美联储的作用，for相当于because表示原因。另外需要注意的是第二句中的副词too表示“过多地;过分地”的意思。短语watch over是“保护，监管”的意思。

(3)联邦储备系统最为世人所知的，是它位于华盛顿的管理委员会，而管理委员会最主要的工作，就是对利率进行有效的调控。管理委员会的主席是美国“首席通货膨胀斗士”，从某种意义上来说，他也是美国经济的掌控者。

分析:本句主要考查对定语从句的翻译。本题中有两个定语从句:一个是第一句的主语The side of the Fed most often seen in public，在这句中，关系代词that被省掉了，实际相当于The side of the Fed that is most often seen in public;另一个则是由which引导的非限定性定语从句，对于非限定性定语从句的处理办法主要是把它译成并列分句，由于which指代的就是its governing board，因此可以将此句翻译成“管理委员会最主要的工作，就是对利率进行有效的调控”。

(4)比外界所了解的更多的是，格林斯潘对联邦储备的各个分支机构，尤其是对纽约联邦储备银行的依赖非常之大，因为除了其他许多作用之外，纽约联邦储备银行还是华盛顿总部了解市场的信息来源。

分析:本句主要考查对由which引导的非限定性定语从句的翻译。如上题所述，对于非限定性定语从句的处理办法主要是把它译成并列分句，在该句中，which指代的就是the New York Fed，因此只要明确了从句的主语，再将它单独译成一句就可以了。Periscope原本是“潜望镜”的意思，这里是个比喻的说法，表示“信息来源”的意思。

(5)当格林斯潘需要收紧或放松银根时，费舍尔及其工作人员就会通过买进或卖出更多的证券来执行格林斯潘的指令。

分析:本句主要考查对时间状语从句及either…or…句型的翻译。在该句中介词by不表示被动关系，而是表示“通过方某种法、手段”的意思。为了避免重复，本句中的some实际上指是some securities。

(5)

All human work，under natural conditions，is a kind of dance.In a large and learned work，supported by an immense amount of evidence，Karl Bucher has argued that(1)work differs from the dance not in kind but only in degree，since they are both essentially rhythmic.There is a good reason why work should be rhythmic，for all great combined efforts，the efforts by which alone great constructions such as those of megalithic days could be carried out，must be harmonized.It has been argued that this necessity is the source of human speech，and we have the so-called Yoheave-ho theory of language.

(2)It is，however，the dance itself，apart from work and apart from the other arts，which，in the opinion of many today，has had a decisive influence in socializing，that is to say in moralizing，the human species.Work showed the necessity of harmonious rhythmic co-operation，but the dance developed that rhythmic co-operation and imparted a beneficent impetus to all human activities.It was Grosse，in his Beginning of Art，who first clearly set forth the high social significance of the dance in the creation of human civilization.(3)The participants in dance，as all observers of savages have noted，exhibit a wonderful harmony;they are，as it were，fused into a single being stirred by a single impulse.Social unification is thus accomplished.Apart from war，this is the chief factor making for social solidarity in primitive life;it was indeed the best training for war.(4)It has been a twofold influence;on the one hand it aided unity of action and method in evolution:on the other it had the invaluable function—for man is naturally a timid animal—of imparting courage;the universal drum，as Louis Robinson remarks，has been an immense influence in human affairs.Even among the Romans，with their highly developed military system，dancing and war were definitely allied.We may trace a similar influence of dancing in all the co-operative arts of life.All our most advance civilization，Grosse insisted，is based on dancing.It is the dance that socialized man.

Thus，in the large sense，dancing has possessed peculiar value as a method of national education.As civilization grew self-conscious this was realized.One may judge of a king，according to an ancient Chinese maxim，by the state of dancing during his reign.So also among the Greeks;(5)it has been said that dancing and music lay at the foundation of the whole political and military as well as religious organization of a country.

(1)劳动与舞蹈的不同之处并不在于性质，而只是在于程度，因为两者本质上都是有节奏。

分析:本句较简单，主要考查对状语从句的翻译。连词since在本句中的作用就相当于because，表示原因。而differ from…in…表示“在……方面与……不同”的意思。

(2)然而，姑且不谈劳动，不谈其他艺术，以现今许多人的见解来看，正是舞蹈本身，在促进人类适应社会生活方面具有决定性的影响，即有助于宣传风教。

分析:本句主要考查对强调句的翻译。表示转折的副词however在英语中的位置比较灵活，可以在句首，也可以作为插入语置于句中，如本句，但译成汉语时，习惯置于句首。It is…which…是强调句型，在该句中被强调的部分是本句的主语the dance itself(“舞蹈本身”)，apart from work and apart from the other arts和in the opinion of many today都是插入语，起补充说明的作用，在翻译时，可考虑将其一律放在强调句的前面。

(3)参与舞蹈的人显示出绝妙的合拍，所有观察生番的人都留意于此;可以说，在单一的冲动激发之下，他们浑然一体了。从而社会统一才得以实现。

分析:本题由三个句型并不复杂的单句组成，只要准确理解了每个词的意思，再译成通顺的汉语就可以了。as it were的意思是“仿佛，可以说”，fuse into的意思是“合并成”。

(4)它向来具有双重影响:一则促进行动的一致性和进化的方法;一则在鼓足勇气时具有不可估量的作用——因为人天生是胆怯的动物。

分析:本题主要考查对on the one hand…on the other…句型的翻译及插入语位置的调整。on the one hand…on the other…的意思是“一方面……另一方面……”，而for man is naturally a timid animal作为插入语，建议在汉译时，可考虑将其放在句末，以便更好地保持句子的连贯性。for相当于because表示原因。

(5)有人说跳舞和音乐位居一个国家全部军政和宗教组织的基础地位。

分析:本题重点考查对It is said that…句型的翻译。It is said that…句型的意思是“据说、有人说”，至于究竟是谁说的不重要。需要注意的是，这里的lay不是动词lie的过去时，而是动词lay的一般现在时复数形式，意思是“放置，使处于”，as well as的意思是“也、和……一样”。

(6)

(1)The wages of labor in different employments vary according to the probability or improbability of success in them.

(2)The probability that any particular person should ever be qualified for the employment to which he is educated，is very different in different occupations.In the greater part of mechanic trades，success is almost certain;but very uncertain is the liberal professions.Put your son apprentice to a shoemaker，there is little doubt of his learning to make a pair of shoes: but(3)send him to study the law，it is at least twenty to one if ever he makes sucha proficiency as will enable him to live by the business.In a perfectly fair lottery，those who draw the prizes ought to gain all that is lost by those who draw the blanks.In a profession where twenty fail for one that succeeds，that one ought to gain all that should have been gained by the unsuccessful twenty.(4)The counselor at law，who，perhaps，at near forty years of age，begins to make something by his profession，ought to receive the retribution，not only of his own so tedious and expensive education，but of that of more than twenty others who are never likely to make anything by it.How extravagant soever the fees of counselor at law sometimes appear，their real retribution is never equal to this.Compute in any particular place，what is likely to be annually gained，and what is likely to be annually spent，all the different workmen in any common trade，such as that of shoemakers or weavers，and you will find that the former sum will generally exceed the latter.But make the same computation with regard to all the counselors and students of law，in all different inns of court，and you will find that their annual gains bear but a very small proportion to their annual expense，even though you rate the former as high，and the latter as low，as can well be done.The lottery of the law，therefore，is very far from being a perfectly fair lottery;and that，as well as many other liberal and honorable professions，are，in point of monetary gain，evidently under-recompensed.

Those professions keep their level，however，with other occupations，and not withstanding these discouragements，all the most generous and liberal spirits are eager to crowd into them.(5)Two different causes contribute to recommend them.Firstly，the desire of the reputation which attends upon superior excellence in any of them;and，secondly，the natural confidence which every man has，more or less，not only in his own abilities，but in his own good fortune.

(1)不同行业付出劳动所获的酬报，随该行业所含成功几率的大小而异。

分析:本题较简单。建议将本句中的一组反义词probability or improbability合并处理，翻译为“成功的可能性或几率”即可。

(2)任何人在接受相关教育后能否胜任某项工作，根据行业不同而差异万千。

分析:本句重点考查对定语从句的翻译。对于本句定语从句的处理可采用前置法，即把从句that any particular person should ever be qualified for the employment to which he is educated译在中心词The probability前，加个“的”字就可以了;to which he is educated相当于which he is educated to，修饰先行词employment，起到定语的作用，对于它的处理可采用融合法，即把先行词和定语从句融合恰当，结合前半句一起译成“任何人在接受相关教育后胜任某项工作的可能性”。

(3)但如若送他去学法律，让他对这一行业驾轻就熟并借此谋生，成功率至少是一比二十。

分析:对于本句的处理，首先要判断出两个分句间的存在条件关系，相当于but if send him to study the law，it is at least twenty to one…，因此在翻译时要通过增词的方式将这种逻辑关系体现出来。If ever的意思是“如果有的话也”，such…as…的意思是“像这种”，该句可以翻译成“达到能靠此谋生的熟练程度的成功率至少是一比二十”。

(4)年届四十，或许刚在事业上小有成就的律师理应得到些回报，不只是因为当初繁复的学习和昂贵的学费，还因为另外二十几位可能一事无成的同行。

分析:本句重点考查的是对定语从句及并列句型not only…but…的翻译。对于本题中的两个定语从句，建议都采用前置译法，分别翻译成“那些年届四十，或许刚在事业上小有成就的律师”和“另外二十几位可能一事无成的同行”就可以了。而由于本句的介词宾语是以并列句的形式出现的，比较长，因此可考虑将它们与主句分开处理。

(5)究其原因，主要有两个:首先是对超凡杰出人才及随之而来的名誉的强烈渴望;其次是每个人与生俱来或多或少的自信心，不仅相信自身的能力，也坚信自己能走好运。

分析:本句重点考查对定语从句的翻译。对于本题中的两个定语从句，都可以采用前置法，分别翻译成“超凡杰出人才及随之而来的名誉”和“每个人与生俱来的自信心”。由于第二点原因中的状语是以并列句not only…but…的形式出现的，比较长，因此可考虑将它们单独提出来，译成两个短句。而将原句中的两个名词词组confidence in his own abilities和confidence in his own good fortune翻译成汉语的动词词组“相信自身的能力”和“坚信自己能走好运”，则是出于更好地符合汉语表达习惯的考虑。

(7)

This book grows directly out of those conversations on the campaign trail.(1)Not only did my encounters with voters confirm the fundamental decency of the American people，they also reminded me that at the core of the American experience are a set of ideals that continue to stir our collective conscience;a common set of values that bind us together despite our differences;a running thread of hope that makes our improbable experiment in democracy work.(2)These values and ideals find expression not just in the marble slabs of monuments or in the recitation of history books.They remain alive in the hearts and minds of most Americans—and can inspire us to pride，duty，and sacrifice.

I recognize the risks of talking this way.(3)In an era of globalization and dizzying technological change，we don＇t even seem to possess a shared language with which to discuss our ideals，much less the tools to arrive at some rough consensus about how，as a nation，we might work together to bring those ideals about.Most of us are wise to the ways of admen，pollsters，speech writers，and pundits.We know how high-flying words can be deployed in the service of cynical aims，and how the noblest sentiments can be subverted in the name of power，expedience，greed，or intolerance.(4)Even the standard high school history textbook notes the degree to which，from its very beginning，the reality of American life has strayed from its myths.In such a climate，any assertion of shared ideals or common values might seem hopelessly naive，if not downright dangerous—an attempt to gloss over serious differences in policy and performance or，worse，a means of muffling the complaints of those who feel ill served by our current institutional arrangements.

My argument，however，is that we have no choice.You don＇t need a poll to know that the vast majority of Americans—Republican，Democrat，and independent—are weary of the dead zone that politics has become，in which narrow interests vie for advantage and ideological minorities seek to impose their own versions of absolute truth.Whether we＇re from red states or blue states，we feel in our gut the lack of honesty，rigor，and common sense in our policy debates，and dislike what appears to be a continuous menu of false or cramped choices.Religious or secular，black，white，or brown，(5)we sense—correctly—that the nation＇s most significant challenges are being ignored，and that if we don＇t change course soon，we may be the first generation in a very long time that leaves behind a weaker and more fractured America than the one we inherited.Perhaps more than any other time in our recent history，we need a new kind of politics，one that can excavate and build upon those shared understandings that pull us together as Americans.

(1)从与选民间的对话中，我看到了美利坚民族的道德规范，我更加意识到，正是这些人的理想贯穿了美国历史，并不断鞭策着我们的集体正义感。

分析:本句重点考查的是对宾语从句、定语从句及not only…but…句型的翻译。当not only置于句首时，整句话需要倒装，相当于my encounters with voters not only confirmed…。that continue to stir our collective conscience作为a set of ideals的定语起到修饰作用，对此定语从句，若按前置法处理译成汉语后定语显得冗长而又不符合汉语表达习惯，因此可考虑采取后置法，即将它译成一个后置的并列分句。

(2)这些价值观和理想不仅仅是刻在大理石纪念碑上，或者在历史书的背诵中，它们更多地存活于大多数美国人的内心，并感召着我们的自豪感、责任心和献身精神。

分析:本题句子虽然较长但结构并不复杂，且没有什么晦涩难懂的词，只要保存原来的句子结构，采用顺译法处理即可。

(3)在这个全球化和科技风云变化的时代，我们连一种畅谈理想的共同语言都没有，更不用说让全民族达成一致去致力理想的实现了。

分析:本题重点考查对定语从句和宾语从句的处理。with which to discuss our ideals相当于which to discuss our ideals with，在句子中充当先行词language的定语，因此可采用前置法，将它汉译为“一种畅谈理想的共同语言”。短语much less的意思是“何况、更不用说”。less the tools和a shared language一样都是作possess的宾语;而不定式to arrive at some rough consensus则作为tools的定语，修饰tools;how，as a nation，we might work together to bring those ideals about在句中充当介词about的宾语，说明要在什么样的问题上达成一致，即“在全民族如何共同努力实现理想的问题上达成一致”。

(4)甚至连标准的中学历史课本上都开宗明义地道出美国现实生活与美国神话有很大的出入。

分析:本句重点考查对定语从句的翻译。对这个定语从句仍然可以考虑按融合法处理，把原句中的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立的句子。短语stray from的意思是“离开、偏离”。

(5)我们都真正地意识到，这个国家的首要任务正在被忽视。如果不尽快调转航向，我们会成为有史以来第一个把由强变弱的美国留给后人的一代。

分析:本句重点考查对宾语从句、条件句和定语从句的翻译。本句中sense的宾语有两个:一个是that the nation＇s most significant challenges are being ignored，另一个是条件句that if we don＇t change course soon…。条件句中由于定语that leaves behind a weaker and more fractured America than the one we inherited较冗长，作者为了避免使整个句子显得头重脚轻而没有将它直接放在先行词generation后面，而是放在了句末。而对于状语correctly的处理应按照汉语的习惯放在动词sense的前面。

(8)

My job was on Wall Street.(1)Madison Avenue，by contrast，was the center of the advertising world，the place where smart and manipulative companies burned loads of cash and creative energy to convince us that we needed to use this or that brand of products to wash our hands or brush our teeth.At least(2)I was going to be an analyst whose job it was to evaluate companies on their merits，not someone whose purpose was to seduce America＇s soap-opera watchers with meaningless slogans and exaggerated promises.

(3)My new job had nothing to do with manipulation and everything to do with balanced，rational thinking.I had made the leap to Wall Street in part because of the money，but also because being an analyst seemed like the perfect job for a serious guy like me who liked to reason his way through life.Sure，emotion and exaggeration sneaked into my line of work occasionally，but in the end，the stock market was rational，analytical，cool.Fooling people wasn＇t part of this equation.

Or so I thought.In retrospect my naive idea sounded charming or，I can say，silly.(4)Of course Wall Street was as much about fooling people as Madison Avenue was，at least if you were one of the corporate executives trying to convince investors and analysts that your company＇s shares would shoot to the moon.But my job，I hastened to tell myself，was all about shooting straight.I had been in a sales role before，and I＇d never liked it.Now I＇d have a chance to focus entirely on the facts.

I grabbed on to that belief as if it were a life preserver and clutched it as I walked up Madison，then west on Forty-eighth Street and north on Sixth Avenue until I reached the headquarters of Morgan Stanley at Fiftieth and Sixth.I was 36 years old，it was my first day on Wall Street，and I was scared out of my mind.

Not that I had fallen off the turnip truck or anything.I had moved here from Washington，D.C.，where I had been director of business analysis at MCI，the brash upstart that was shaking up the telecommunications business.(5)I had interacted with Wall Street and its analysts and bankers for the past two years，trying to make them see my company as positively as I did.What I loved the most was the intellectual sparring as we debated the future of MCI and the telecom industry.It had been a great gig.

(1)和华尔街比起来，麦迪逊大道是广告世界的中心，那些聪明伶俐的公司在这里大量烧钱，并且发挥创造的能量来劝说我们大众，我们要用这个牌子的洗手液洗手或者那个牌子的牙膏来刷牙。

分析:本题主要考查对定语从句和宾语从句的翻译。由于where smart and manipulative companies…作为修饰先行词the place的定语较冗长，因此可考虑将它单独译成一个分句;而that we needed to use this or that brand of products to wash our hands or brush our teeth作为convince的宾语，处于同样的原因，也可作分句处理。

(2)我将成为一名证券分析师，这份工作是根据各家公司的优点来评估其投资价值，而不是像有些人那样用毫无意义的口号与夸大的承诺来减少美国肥皂剧的观众。

分析:本题主要考查对定语从句的翻译。本句由两个并列分句组成，由于结构较简单，可考虑保留原句的结构，顺译成汉语，再稍作调整即可。由于whose job it was to evaluate companies on their merits作为先行词analyst的定语较冗长，因此可考虑将它单独翻译成一个分句;而对于whose purpose was to…则可运用融合法，把它和主语someone合在一起译成一个独立的句子，以符合汉语的表达习惯。

(3)我的新工作就是进行公正的研究，我想，跟人工操纵没有任何关系，每一件事都与平衡的、理性的思考有关。

分析:本句主要考查对词组have nothing/everything to do的翻译。由于本句结构较简单，可保留原句的结构，顺译成汉语即可。have nothing to do的意思是“与……无关”，而have everything to do的意思是“与……有关”。

(4)华尔街欺骗大众的程度肯定不轻于麦迪逊大道，至少，如果你是公司的一名执行官，你就会努力让投资者——以及分析师——相信，你们公司的股票将牛气冲天。

分析:本题第一个分句中as much as是个同级比较，表达“与……一般多、差不多”的意思;第二个分句中的现在分词短语trying to convince investors and analysts that…作后置定语，起到修饰the corporate executives的作用，由于定语较长，采用前置法会使句子显得头重脚轻，故最好单独译成一个分句。

(5)我过去两年都在同华尔街，同华尔街的分析师和银行家们打交道，一直想让他们像我一样对我服务的公司持正面看法。

分析:本句较简单，建议基本保留原句结构，采用顺译的方法译成汉语即可。在该句中，现在分词短语trying to make them see my company as positively as I did作为状语，表示目的。

(9)

Now let us see what intellectual virtues philosophy can provide in the subjects of ethics.The pursuit of philosophy is founded on the belief that knowledge is good，even if what is known is painful.(1)A man imbued with philosophic spirit，whether a professional philosopher or not，will wish his beliefs to be as true as he can make them，and will，in equal measure，love to know，and hate to be in error.This principle has a wider scope than may be apparent at first sight.Our beliefs spring from a great variety of causes and any one of these causes may or may not lead us to true beliefs.(2)Intellectual sobriety，therefore，will lead us to scrutinize our beliefs closely，with a view to discovering which of them there is any reason to believe true.If we are wise，we shall apply solvent criticism especially to the beliefs that we find it most painful to doubt，and to those most likely to involve us in violent conflict with men who hold opposite but equally groundless beliefs.If this attitude could become common，the gain in diminishing the acerbity of disputes would be incalculable.

There is another intellectual virtue，which is that of generality or impartiality.I recommend the following exercise:In a sentence involving words that arouse powerful but different emotions in different readers，try replacing them by symbols，A，B，C，and so on，and forgetting the particular significance of the symbols.When，in elementary algebra，you do problems about A，B and C going up a mountain，you have no emotional interest in the gentlemen concerned，and you do your best to work out the solution with impersonal correctness.But if you thought that A was yourself，B your hated rival and C the schoolmaster who set the problem，your calculation would go askew，and you would be sure to find that A was first and C was last.(3)In thinking about problems where emotional bias is bound to be present，only care and practice can enable you to think as objectively as you do in the algebraic problem.

It is not to be supposed that young men and women who are busy acquiring valuable specialized knowledge can spare a great deal of time for the study of philosophy，but even in the time that can easily be spared without injury to the learning of technical skills，philosophy can give certain things that will greatly increase the student＇s value as a human being and as a citizen.(4)It can give a habit of exact and careful thought，not only in mathematics and science，but in questions of large practical import.It can give an impersonal breadth and scope to the conception of the ends of life.(5)It can give to the individual a just measure of himself in relation to society，of man in the present to man in the past and in the future，and of the whole history of man in relation to the astronomical cosmos.By enlarging the objects of his thoughts it supplies an antidote to the anxieties and anguish of the present，and makes possible the nearest approach to serenity that is available to a sensitive mind in our tortured and uncertain world.

(1)凡具有哲学精神的人——不管他是不是职业哲学家——总是会在力所能及的范围内使自己的信念成为真理，总是会同等程度地热爱真知、憎恨谬误。

分析:本句主要由两个并列分句组成，句式较简单，可基本保留原句结构，稍作调整即可。过去分词短语imbued with philosophic spirit是中心词a man的后置定语，汉译时，应按照中文的表达习惯，把它放在a man的前面，翻译成“一个具有哲学精神的人”。对于插入语whether a professional philosopher or not的处理，则应考虑到译文结构的需要添加上原文省略掉的主语和谓语，即whether he is a professional philosopher or not。as true as是一个同级比较，表达“和……一样真”的意思;in equal measure的意思是“同等程度地”。

(2)因此，只有清醒的理智才会引导我们仔细考查我们的信念，让我们发现其中哪些信念有理由使人相信它们是真理。

分析:本句重点考查对宾语从句的翻译。副词therefore在英语中的位置较灵活，而在汉译时则应按照汉语的习惯，置于句首。with a view to的意思是“以……为目的、考虑到”。which of them there is any reason to believe true中的them指代的是前半句提到的our beliefs。

(3)在思考难免会受情感性偏见纠缠问题时，就像你解代数题一样，只有小心谨慎和循序渐进才能使你客观地思考。

分析:本句重点考查对定语从句和比较级的翻译。该句中，介词短语In thinking about problems where emotional bias is bound to be present充当了整个句子的状语成分。where emotional bias is bound to be present作为中心词problems的定语较长，汉译时最好采用前置法放在中心词的前面;as objectively as you do in the algebraic problem是个同级比较，意思是“和你解代数题一样客观地”，作为方式状语，它略显冗长，因此也可考虑将它单独译成一个分句，放在主句的前面。

(4)哲学有助于陶冶精确审慎思考的习惯，这不仅有益于数学和科学思考，也有益于若干实际重大问题的思考。

分析:本题主要考查对并列句型not only…but also…的翻译。主语It指代的是上文提到的philosophy。出于译文结构的考虑，在处理两个并列短语时，应增加原文中省略的中心词“思考”，即“数学和科学的思考”和“实际重大问题的思考”。

(5)哲学可以让个人正确地权衡自己与社会的关系，正确地评价当代人类、古代人类和未来人类，正确地认识人类的全部历史和天文宇宙的关系。

分析:本句重点考查对平行结构的翻译。of himself in relation to society、of man in the present to man in the past and in the future和of the whole history of man in relation to the astronomical cosmos都是作为a just measure的定语，起到修饰它的作用。由于定语很长，最好按照汉语的习惯将它分做三个排比句来处理。另外，由于英语倾向于用名词或名词词组来表述动作或行为的概念，因此汉译时常常要把英语名词转换为汉语动词，从而译出符合汉语习惯表达的译文来，就像在翻译该句中的a just measure，可考虑将它动词化，译成“正确地权衡……”。

(10)

Asked whether they want more stuff，consumers in rich countries have responded with an emphatic“No”.(1)The breathtaking speed with which retail sales have plummeted in both America and Europe has caught retailers and manufacturers by surprise.In response，companies have tried desperately to prop up revenues using a variety of promotions，advertising and other marketing ploys，often to no avail.

But as they battle with these immediate problems，marketers are also pondering what longer term changes in consumer behavior have been triggered by the recession.It is tempting to conclude that，once economies rebound，customers will start spending again as they did before.Yet(2)there are good reasons to think that what promises to be the worst downturn since the Depression will spark profound shifts in shoppers＇psychology.

The biggest changes will take place in America and parts of Europe，where housing and stock market bubbles have imploded and unemployment has soared.(3)As well as seeing their incomes fall as employers cut wages and jobs，households have also seen the value of their homes and retirement savings shrink dramatically.Although the threat to wages will fade as growth picks up，the damage done to housing and other assets will linger.

This has already led to a swift tightening of purse strings by shoppers and a wave of discounting by companies.In mar，an American firm that processes discount coupons，says that redemptions in America were 17%higher in the first quarter of 2009 than in the same period last year，as consumers hunted for bargains.(4)Many companies have launched lower-priced products in order to avoid losing customers as they trade down.Dan one，a French food group，has created a line of low-cost yogurts in Europe，called“co Packs”，that come in smaller tubs and fewer flavors than its standard products.

The trend towards thrift will not disappear when the economy picks up.(5)For one thing，those banks left standing after the bust will be far more parsimonious with consumer credit.For another，many people will still be intent on rebuilding their nest-eggs，which is reflected in sharply rising rates of saving.Sociologists also detect a distinct change in people＇s behavior.Until the downturn，folk had come to assume that“affluence”was the norm，even if they had to go deeply into debt to pay for gadgets and baubles.Now many people no longer seem consumed by the desire to consume;instead，they are planning to live within their means，and there has been a backlash against bling.

So for years to come，many more households will be firmly focused on saving，splashing out only occasionally on a big-ticket item.

(1)在美国和欧洲，零售商品销量下滑的速度令零售商和制造商们大为吃惊。作为回应，企业拼命地试图使用各种各样的促销、广告和其他市场策略来支撑收入，但往往劳而无功。

分析:在该句中，从句with which retail sales have plummeted作为先行词the breathtaking speed的定语，在汉译时可采用前置法放在中心词之前，即“零售商品销量下滑的速度”;现在分词短语using a variety of promotions，advertising and other marketing ploys作为方式状语，按照汉语的习惯，应放在动词prop up revenues的前面，而把结果状语often to no avail置于句末。短语to no avail的意思是“完全无用”。

(2)然而，更为理性的观点则认为，这场自大萧条时期以来最为糟糕的衰退将引发消费者心理产生深刻的改变。

分析:本句重要考查对宾语从句和主语从句的翻译。由that引导的宾语从句在汉译时不需要改变它在原句中的位置，而由what引导的主语从句则在句子中充当动词think的宾语。since the Depression作为时间状语，在翻译时可考虑按照汉语的习惯放在主语从句的句首位置。

(3)因为雇主削减工资和职位，很多家庭正在面临收入下降，住房价值以及退休储蓄大幅缩水的状况。尽管经济恢复增长时工资下跌的威胁将会褪去，但住房和其他资产所受到的损害还将存在更长的时间。

分析:本题重点考查对介词as不同意思的理解。短语as well as是“同……一样”的意思;as employers cut wages and jobs中的as相当于because，表示原因;让步状语从句Although the threat to wages will fade as growth picks up中的as相当于when，表示“随着”的意思。在第一句中，由于两个分句的主语和谓语是一样的，因此对于第一句的处理，可采用合句的办法，即把原文的两个分句作为并列成分合译在一个汉语句子，即“很多家庭正在面临收入下降，住房价值以及退休储蓄大幅缩水的状况”。第二句中，过去分词短语done to housing and other assets作为中心词the damage的定语，汉译时应置于中心词的前面，翻译成“住房和其他资产所受到的损害”。

(4)当交易下降时，为了避免失去顾客，许多公司开始降低商品价格。

分析:本句较简单，主要考查对多状语的处理。in order to avoid losing customers是本句的目的状语，而as they trade down是时间状语。按照中文的表达习惯，时间状语应在目的状语之前，因此汉译时只要对原句中状语的顺序略作调整即可。

(5)首先，经此一役之后，那些存活下来的银行对于消费信贷将会越发审慎。其次，许多人仍将专注于重建其储蓄，这一点已经被急剧上升的储蓄率所反映。

分析:根据for one thing…for another…可以判断出，本题所含的两个句子属于并列关系。在前一句中，过去分词短语left standing after the bust作为those banks的后置定语，在汉译时应当做前置处理，翻译成“那些存活下来的银行”。在后一句中，由于which引导的非限定性定语从句对主句不起限制作用，而只起到解释说明的作用，因此在汉译时将它译成与主句并列的分句即可。

练习题及参考译文

(1)

I have to stress the fact once again that the world is flat and that in this flat world the frontiers of knowledge get pushed out farther and farther，faster and faster.Therefore，(1)companies need the brainpower that cannot only reach the new frontiers but push them still farther.That is where the breakthrough drugs and software and hardware products are going to be found.And(2)America either needs to be training that brainpower itself or importing it from somewhere else，or ideally both，if it wants to dominate the twenty-first century the way it dominated the twentieth--and that simply is not happening.

“There are two things that worry me right now，”said Richard A.Rashid，the director of research for Microsoft.“One is the fact that we have really dramatically shut down the pipeline of very smart people coming to the United States.If you believe that we have the greatest research universities and opportunities，it all has to be driven by IQ.(3)In trying to create processes that protect the country from undesirables，the government has done a much better job of keeping out desirables.A really significant fraction of the top people graduated from our universities in science and engineering were not born here，but stayed here and created the businesses，and became the professors，that were engines for our economic growth.We want these people.In a world where IQ is one of the most important commodities，you want to get as many smart people as you can.”Second，said Rashid，“(4)We have done a very poor job of conveying to kids the value of science and technology as a career choice that will make the world a better place.Engineering and science is what led to so many improvements in our lives.But you talk to kids about changing the world and they don＇t look at computer science as a career that is going to be a great thing.The amazing thing is that it is hard to get women into computer science now，and getting worse.Young women in junior high are told this is a really wretched lifestyle.(5)As a result，we are not getting enough students through our systems who want to be computer scientists and engineers，and if we cut off the flow from abroad，the confluence of those two will potentially put us in a very difficult position ten or fifteen years from now.It is a pipeline process.It won＇t come to roost right away，but fifteen or twenty years from now，you＇ll find you don＇t have the people and the energy in these areas where you need them.”

参考译文:

(1)企业需要的人才，不只要能触到新的前沿，还要再把这个前沿往前推。

(2)美国如果还想像曾经主宰20世纪那样主宰21世纪，就必须自己培养人才，或者从外国引进，理想是双管齐下。但目前美国却没有那样做。

(3)美国政府的一些政策本来是想保护国家免受不良分子渗透的，但最后搞出来的却反而阻挡了我们最需要的优良分子。

(4)我们没把科学和技术的价值灌输给孩子，让孩子知道科技是一种可以把世界变美好的职业选择。

(5)结果，我们的教育就没有产出足够的计算机科学家与工程师。如果我们再切断海外的人才来源，未来十到十五年我们可能就惨了。

(2)

In their new book，God Is Back，John Micklethwait，editor in chief of The Economist，and Adrian Wooldridge，that magazine＇s Washington bureau chief，argue that religion is“returning to public life”around the world，that“the great forces of modernity—technology and democracy，choice and freedom—are all strengthening religion rather than undermining it”，that these days“religion is playing a much more important role in public and intellectual life”.(1)They assert that“religion is becoming a matter of choice”，something that individuals themselves decide to believe in instead of something imposed upon them，and that“the surge of religion is being driven by the same two things that have driven the success of market capitalism:competition and choice.”

(2)One problem with this book is that the authors selected information and examples that supported their thesis，while ignoring or diminishing data that contradicted it.In arguing that“religion＇s power”has“continued to increase”，they contradict considerable evidence to the contrary.((3)According to a survey released this month，“the U.S.population continues to show signs of becoming less religious，with one out of every five Americans failing toindicate a religious identity in 2008.”)In arguing that religion is increasingly a matter of choice，they ignore the plight of people(like women under Taliban rule)who are forced to live by strict religious codes they themselves may not believe in.

(4)What this book does best is give the reader someglimpses of the new forms that religion is taking around the world，while explicating some of the reasons that religion might appeal to people in modern times:as a source of community in an increasingly atomized world;as a source of certainty in an era of rapid technological and social change;as a source of identity for immigrants far away from home;and as a source of social assistance(like food for the poor，educational programs and medical assistance)in economically challenging times.

(5)Some of the churches described in this book sound more like huge suburban malls or recreation centers than places of worship，offering self-help advice，social services and entertainment in place of spiritual sustenance.The Second Baptist Church in Houston，the authors report，boasts a school for over 12，000 students，a day-care center，basketball and racquetball courts，an air-conditioned walking track，a bowling alley，a bookshop，a cafeteria and a football field complete with floodlights.

And the last section heading in the last chapter of this unpersuasive book reads，“God Is Back，for Better，”which，in retrospect，seems like an apt summary of this volume＇s poorly argued thesis，as well as its nonagnostic point of view.

参考译文:

(1)他们声称“宗教正在变成一个选择问题”，一个由个体决定是否相信的而非强加于他们身上的问题，“宗教的浪潮正在被曾经成功驱使市场资本主义的那两种东西所驱使:竞争和选择。”

(2)本书的问题之一是作者挑选的信息和例证都是支持他们的论题的，而忽略或者减少了否定其论题的数据。

(3)本月出炉的一份调查发现，“美国人口继续呈现出宗教信仰者数量开始下降的趋势，2008年每五个人当中就有一个人不能表明其宗教身份。”

(4)这本书最大的优点在于，它略告诉了读者一些宗教正在全世界起作用的新形式，解释了宗教在现代可能对人们产生吸引力的一些原因。

(5)本书中描写的一些教堂更像是大型郊区购物中心或是娱乐中心，而不是进行礼拜、给予自我救赎的建议、提供社会服务和代替精神食粮的娱乐活动的场所。

(3)

Chances are you believe in free will—I do too.To me it seems that one moment I want cereal and soon I have it.Next I want to ride my bicycle and soon I am.Later I have an itchy nose，and，in no time at all，it is scratched.

But，say some scientists and philosophers，this sense of agency is an illusion:you were hungry and that＇s why you“wanted”cereal;you were bored and fed up of being inside so you“decided”to get some exercise;and as for itchy noses，well there is a biological cause for that as well.(1)From a determinist viewpoint each of these actions，and their causes，as well as their causes and their causes can be traced right back to my birth，then back through my parents＇lives，then right back，like clockwork，to the beginning of the universe.

(2)The strong determinist view—that we＇re locked in an unchanging web of causeand effect going right back to the big bang—is repulsive to many.And quite naturally so，as free will forms the backbone of so many of society＇s structures.(3)The criminal justice system is built on the idea that people can choose whether to obey the law or not，therefore people who don＇t obey should be punished.

Similarly many religious and/or philosophical systems of thought have the notion of free will at their heart.Existentialist philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre emphasized the connection between freedom and responsibility.He thought we must take responsibility for our choices，and that taking responsibility was at the heart of a life well lived.

(4)This debate about free will is so interesting—and knotted—that philosophers can＇t keep away from it;but psychologists，on the other hand，perhaps sensing no end to the argument，can＇t help their minds wandering away to more practical points.They have focused more on how beliefs in free will might affect our behavior and whether，more generally，there might be some reason why we seem predisposed to think we have it.

In new research published in the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，Baumeister，Masicampo and DeWall(2009)theorize that(5)a belief in free will may be partly what oils the wheels of society，what encourages us to treat each other respectfully.They explore this theory with three studies，two on helping behaviors and one on aggression.

参考译文:

(1)从一个决定论者的观点看，每一个行为以及它们的原因，以及它们原因的原因，还有原因的原因的原因，都可以直接追溯到我出生的时候去，然后追溯到我父母的生活，然后一直推算回去，就像一个钟一样，到宇宙的开端。

(2)强大的决定论观点认为，我们是被锁在一个从大爆炸开始就不变的因果体系网络中的。这种观点让很多人难以接受。

(3)刑事司法体系就是建立在这样一种观点上，人们可以选择是否遵守法律，所以不遵守法律的人会受到惩罚。

(4)对自由意志的争论是那么有趣，也是那么棘手，哲学家无法摆脱它;然而心理学家，或许看到这场争论没有结局，不由自主地联想到其他更实际的观点。

(5)自由意志的信念或许部分推动了社会前进的车轮，鼓励我们尊重地对待彼此。

(4)

(1)In recent months many economists and policymakers have put“global imbalances”—the huge current-account surpluses run by countries like China，alongside America＇s huge deficit—at the root of the financial crisis.But the IMF disagrees.It argues that the main reason was deficient regulation of the financial system，together with a failure of market discipline，and that global imbalances contributed only“indirectly”to the crisis.This may sound like buck-passing by the world＇s main international macroeconomic organization.(2)But the distinction has important consequences for whether macroeconomic policy or more regulation of financial markets will provide the solutions to the mess.

In broad strokes，the global imbalances view of the crisis argues that a glut of money from countries with high savings rates，such as China and the oil-producing states，came flooding into America.(3)This kept interest rates low and fuelled the credit boom and the related boom in the prices of assets，such as houses and equity，whose collapse precipitated the financial crisis.A workable long-term fix for the problems of the world economy would，therefore，involve figuring out what to do about these imbalances.

But the IMF argues that(4)imbalances could not have caused the crisis without the creative ability of financial institutions to develop new structures and instruments to cater to investors＇demand for higher yields.These instruments turned out to be more risky than they appeared.Investors，overly optimistic about continued rises in asset prices，did not look closely into the nature of the assets that they bought，preferring to rely on the analysis of credit-rating agencies which were，in some cases，also selling advice on how to game the ratings system.This“failure of market discipline”，the fund argues，played a big role in the crisis.

As big a problem，according to the IMF，was that financial regulation was flawed，ineffective and too limited in scope.What it calls the“shadow banking system”—the loosely regulated but highly interconnected network of investment banks，hedge funds，mortgage originators，and the like—was not subject to the sorts of prudential regulation(capital-adequacy norms，for example) that applied to banks.

In part，the fund argues，this was because they were not thought to be systemically important，in the sense that banks were understood to be.But their being unregulated made it more attractive for banks(whose affiliates the non-banks often were)to evade capital requirements by pushing risk into these entities.In time，(5)this network of institutions grew so large that they were indeed systemically important:in the now-familiar phrase，they were“too big”or“too interconnected”to fail.

参考译文:

(1)最近几个月，许多经济学家和决策者将金融危机的根源归咎于“全球失衡”，即一边是像中国这种国家产生的巨大的经常性账户盈余，另一边则是像美国那样产生巨大的贸易赤字。

(2)这种区分对于到底采取宏观经济政策还是金融市场规管来解决眼下这场混乱却至关重要。

(3)这使得利率维持在了较低的水平，并燃起信贷及其相关的资产价格——例如房屋和产权——的繁荣，它们的崩溃加速了金融危机的发生。因此，对于修补世界经济问题的一个长期可行的方法需要考虑的问题是如何处理这种失衡。

(4)如果金融机构没有为了迎合投资者对更高利润的追求，而在开发新型金融工具和手段方面表现出了创造性的才能，单凭贸易失衡并无法造成金融危机的产生。

(5)这些机构形成的网络发育得如此庞大，以至于真的成为整个系统的重心所在:用现在流行的话说，它们已经“大得不能倒”或者“复杂的不能倒”。

(5)

Said Intel chairman Craig Barrett，“(1)U.S.technological leadership，innovation，and jobs of tomorrow require a commitment to basic research funding today.”According to a 2004 study by the Task Force on the Future of American Innovation，(2)basic research performed at leading U.S.universities—researchinchemistry，physics，nanotechnology，andsemiconductor manufacturing has created four thousand spin-off companies that hired 1.1 million employees and have annual world sales of$232 billion.But to keep moving ahead，the study said，there must be a 10 to 12 percent increase each year for the next five to seven years in the budgets of those key research-funding agencies.

Unfortunately，federal funding for research in physical and mathematical sciences and engineering，as a share of GDP，actually declined by 37 percent between 1970 and 2004，the task force found.(3)At a time when we need to be doubling our investments in basic research to overcome the ambition and education gaps，we are actually cutting that funding.

In the wake of the Bush administration and the Republican Congress＇s decision to cut the National Science Foundation funding for 2005，Republican congressman Vern Ehlers of Missouri，a voice in the wilderness，made the following statement:“(4)While I understand the need to make hard choices in the face of fiscal constraint，I do not see the wisdom in putting science funding behind other priorities.We have cut NSF despite the fact that this omnibus bill increases spending for the 2005 fiscal year，so clearly we could find room to grow basic research while maintaining fiscal constraint.But not only are we not keeping pace with inflationary growth，we are actually cutting the portion basic research receives in the overall budget.(5)This decision shows dangerous disregard for our nation＇s future，and I am both concerned and astonished that we would make this decision at a time when other nations continue to surpass our students in mathand science and consistently increase their funding of basic research.We cannot hope to fight jobs lost to international competition without a well-trained and educated workforce.”

No，we cannot，and the effects are starting to show.According to the National Science Board，the percentage of scientific papers written by Americans has fallen 10 percent since 1992.The percentage of American papers published in the top physics journal，Physical Review，has fallen from 61 percent to 29 percent since 1983.And now we are starting to see a surge in patents awarded to Asian countries.From 1980 to 2003，Japan＇s share of world industrial patents rose from 12 percent to 21 percent，and Taiwan＇s from 0 percent to 3 percent.By contrast，the U.S.share of patents has fallen from 60 percent to 52 percent since 1980.

参考译文:

(1)美国若想在科技上继续领先，继续创新，创造就业机会，现在就应该对基础研究做出投资承诺。

(2)美国一流大学在化学、物理、纳米技术、半导体生产等领域的基础研究，已经创造出4，000家公司，110万个工作机会，2，320亿美元的全球年营业额。

(3)就在基础研究应该加倍投资以缩小与其他国家之间目标差距和教育差距的当口，美国却反而削减了投资。

(4)我虽然了解财政紧缩之时必须做出痛苦的取舍，我却不认为看轻科研是明智之举。

(5)这项决定表明我们对国家前途的漠视已经到了危险的程度。就在其他国家的学生的数理表现持续超越我国，其他国家的科研预算也持续在增加的时候，我们竟会做出这种决定，我真是既忧心又震惊。

(6)

According to a much-reported survey carried out in 2002，Britain then had 4.3 m closedcircuit television(CCTV)cameras—one for every 14 people in the country.(1)That figure has since been questioned，but few doubt that Britons are closely scrutinized when they walk the streets.This scrutiny is supposed to deter and detect crime.Even the government＇s statistics，though，suggest that the cameras have done little to reduce the worst sort of criminal activity，violence.

That may，however，be about to change，and in an unexpected way.(2)It is not that the cameras and their operators will become any more effective.Rather，they have accidentally gathered a huge body of data on how people behave，and particularly on how they behave in situations where violence is in the air.This means that hypotheses about violent behavior which could not be tested experimentally for practical or ethical reasons，can now be examined in a scientific way.And it is that which may help violence to be controlled.

One researcher who is interested in this approach is Mark Levine，a social psychologist at Lancaster University in Britain who studies crowds.(3)Crowds have a bad press.They have been blamed for antisocial behavior through mechanisms that include peer pressure，mass hysteria and the diffusion of responsibility—the idea that“someone else will do something，so I don＇t have to”.But Dr Levine thinks that crowds can also diffuse potentially violent situations and that crime would be much higher if it were not for crowds.As he told a symposium called“Understanding Violence”，which was organized by the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland earlier this month，(4)he has been using CCTV data to examine the bystander effect，an alleged phenomenon whereby people who would help a stranger in distress if they were alone，fail to do so in the presence of others.His conclusion is that it isn＇t so.In fact，he thinks，having a crowd around often makes things better.

According to the observation of Dr Levine，bystanders frequently intervene in incipient fights.(5)The number of escalating gestures did not rise significantly as the size of the group increased，contrary to what the bystander effect would predict.Instead，it was the number of de-escalating gestures that grew.A bigger crowd，in other words，was more likely to suppress a fight.

参考译文:

(1)这个数据一直遭到人们的质疑，但在街上来来往往的英国公民被闭路电视严密监视的事实却鲜有疑问。设计这种监控的初衷是为了能及时发现和制止犯罪行为。

(2)倒不是摄像机和这些机器的操作员变得更有效率了。而是人们无意中通过闭路电视收集到的大量的数据反映了人们的行为方式，特别是他们在暴力即将发生时的行为方式。

(3)人们有着不怎么光彩的名声。包括趋同心理压力、群体歇斯底里以及责任分散效应(人们常说的“反正总会有别人去做的，所以我就不用去做了”就是责任分散效应的体现)等在内的一些机制通常会使人们被扣上“反社会行为”的帽子。

(4)他通过闭路电视监控数据对旁观者效应进行检验。所谓旁观者效应是指人们会在没有他人在场的情况下去帮助处于危险境地的陌生人，而在有其他人在场的情况下反而会袖手旁观的现象。

(5)跟所谓的“旁观者效应”刚好相反，“激化行为”并没有随着人数的增多而显著地增加。

(7)

Although she was never an ardent follower of any formal religion，my mother＇s(Audrey Hepburn)own faith endured throughout her life:her faith in love，her faith in the miracle of nature，and her faith in the goodness of life.She honored this second chance at life at every opportunity that presented itself and most of all at the end of her life，through her work for UNICEF.

(1)Sometimes a near-death experience can free us of the shackles that life slowly trains us to wear.We come to realize what＇s worth the sweat and what isn＇t.Although she had no memory of her childhood near-death experience，the knowledge of it，coupled with the fertile ground of an already self-effacing nature，were the roots of the humility that graced her entire life.

I never heard her say，“I did this，”or“I＇ve done that.”Toward the end of her life，throughout the UNICEF years，I would hear her say regularly，as the world listened to her，“I can do very little.”I never heard her say that she liked any of her performances.(2)When people complimented her，she would always shy away and ultimately explain how those who surrounded her were the reason for her success.

Bessie Anderson Stanley wrote，“(3)To laugh often and much，to win the respect of intelligent people and affection of children，to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends，to appreciate beauty，to find the best in others，to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child，a garden patch or a redeemed social condition，to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived，this is to have succeeded.”By Ms.Stanley＇s standards，my mother＇s life was a success:She was graced with good choices.The first choice she made was her career.Then she chose her family.And when we，her children，were grown and had started our lives，she chose the less fortunate children of the world.She chose to give back.(4)In that important choice lay the key to healing and understanding something that had affected her throughout her entire life:the sadness that had always been there.

(5)Her choices healed the sadness of a little girl who didn＇t know her father for most of her life and yet who yearned and longed for that warm embrace，that reassurance that you are loved and that you matter.When I look back，that is just what she gave to Luca and me:the reassurance that we were loved and that we mattered.This was the most valuable essence，the roots that live and grow forever inside you.She truly was a wonderful mother and friend.

参考译文:

(1)尽管生活的磨砺慢慢使我们习惯于戴上枷锁，但有时一次濒死的经历就足以让我们从这些枷锁中解脱出来。我们逐渐认识到什么东西值得孜孜以求，什么不值。

(2)当人们赞美她时，她总是惟恐避之不及;最终，她会解释说，她的成功其实全仗她周围人的努力。

(3)若能笑口常开，若能赢得有才智的人的尊敬和孩子的喜爱，若能赢得诚实的批评家的赞赏并承受虚朋假友的背叛，若能欣赏美，若能发现他人的长处，若能使世界变好一点(不管是使某个孩子健康、修整某一片花园、还是改良社会状况)，甚至若能得知因为你的存在而使某一个人呼吸得更舒畅，这都是成功。

(4)她的整个生活曾深受创伤——积久的创伤——的影响，而她这个重要的选择正是理解和愈合这创伤的灵丹妙药。

(5)她的选择抚平了一个小女孩心灵的伤痕。这个小女孩在大半生中不知道自己的父亲是谁，尽管她渴望温暖的拥抱，渴望确切地知道自己被爱，确切地知道自己的价值。

(8)

After their demise，artists are at the mercy of history.(1)The ones who survive are the ones who are adaptable，who can ride the shifting tides of ideology，ideals，theory，fashion and catastrophe that constitute the spirit of the time.The survivors，however，don＇t always ride those tides unscathed.Two cases in point are JS Bach and Mozart.(2)Bach was created by his time，but outlived it;Mozart was in tune with his time，but his legacy took surprising turns in the next generations.

What，above all，helped Bach be Bach was a family tradition of composers going back generations，as well as the Lutheran church，in which music was woven into services.(3)Bach came of age as a composer at the height of the baroque period，a time of grandiose，richly ornamented architecture and music.By the latter part of his career，however，baroque was giving way to the lightness and preciousness of the early classical style，soon to become the high-classical style of Mozart and Haydn.To add to the posthumous insult，the leading voices of the new generation were JS Bach＇s own sons WF，JC(a mentor to Mozart)and CPE.These sons honored their father and helped keep his name alive，but among themselves they called dad“the Old Wig”.

It was the dawning classical spirit that gave rise to one of history＇s famous lousy reviews，in 1737，by one-time Bach pupil JA Scheibe:“(4)［Bach］would be the admiration of whole nations if he had more amiability，if he did not take away the natural element in his pieces by giving them a confused style，and if he did not darken their beauty by an excess of art.”What the new spirit at that time defined as“natural”was gallant，easy on the ears，popular，quasi-artless-amiable，even.(5)Contrary to later myth，Bach was never forgotten before his revival in the 19th century，but he was more admired than performed.The peculiar thing is that this charge of“an excess of art”，which was used to cudgel Bach in his last years，was one that dogged Mozart throughout his maturity.The famous complaint of Emperor Joseph II about The Marriage of Figaro—“too many notes，Mozart”—is generally perceived to be a gaffe by a blockhead.In fact，Joseph was echoing what nearly everybody，including his admirers，said about Mozart:he was so imaginative that he couldn＇t turn it off，and that made his music at times intense，even demonic.Hence Mozart＇s bad，or cautionary，reviews:“too strongly spiced”;“impenetrable labyrinths”;“bizarre flights of the soul”;“overloaded and overstuffed”.

参考译文:

(1)能够幸免于此的也只能是那些具有适应性很强、能顺应时代观念、理想、学说、时尚甚至灾祸这些时代精神转变的人们。

(2)时代造就了巴赫，但他的声望却超越了他所在的时代。莫扎特与他所在的时代潮流相契合，而对他遗产的评说却在一代代人中发生了令人惊讶的变化。

(3)在崇尚宏大、丰美、装饰繁复的艺术和音乐的巴洛克风格的鼎盛时期，巴赫作为一名音乐家脱颖而出。

(4)如果巴赫作品里多一点温和友善，如果他不是用那些晦涩的东西代替自然简朴的音乐元素，如果他不是用过分的专业技艺降低其音乐的优美性，那么，他还有可能获得整个民族的敬仰。

(5)与后世的传说相反的是，在19世纪巴赫复兴之前的时光里，他从来没有被遗忘过。然而，景仰的人多，演奏的人少。

(9)

(1)Any attempt to put an economic value on fresh air，clean water or tropical rainforests can offend the delicate sensibilities of those who argue that the conservation of nature is a moral duty.Yet although the best things in life appear to be free，that does not mean they are without financial value.It simply means that nobody asks you to pay when，for example，you watch a beautiful sunset over the hills.

Putting a financial value on the environment，however，may be the most important thing that people can do to help nature conservation.When governments allocate money，they do so according to where it will bring benefit.(2)If a government is unaware of the value of a landscape to its tourism，or of a swamp to its fishing industry—and thus its foreign-exchange income—then it will invest too little in managing these resources.Worse，if the true value of a forest or swamp is hidden，governments may destroy it by subsidizing the conversion of the land to agriculture.(3)The costs are unknown for now，but may appear eventually as the price of building a filtration plant to remove the sediment from the water that the forest once took care of，or the price of importing food when fish vanish.

(4)Some estimates of the annual contribution of coastal and marine ecosystems to the global economy exceed$20 trillion，over a third of the total gross national product(GNP)of all the countries of the world.Even so，says Katherine Sierra of the World Bank，such ecosystems are typically much undervalued when governments made decisions about development.

Glenn-Marie Lange，also of the World Bank，attended a meeting in Washington DC organized by her employer to launch its report“Environment Matters”on April 6th.She told participants that one of the reasons why ecosystems become degraded is that their value to local people is often small.As a result，these people do not have much reason to manage their resources carefully.She estimates，for example，that only 36%of the income generated by the coastal and marine environments in Zanzibar goes to locals.Most of this comes from fishing;only a tiny fraction of the money from tourism ends up local hands.

More broadly，Dr Lange wants the value of the environment to be integrated into national and local accounting.She argues that governments should identify the contributions that marine ecosystems make to their countries＇GNPs and foreign-exchange earnings.She also wants them to examine whether or not they are running down their countries＇“natural capital”.

(5)For too long，an absence of proper green accounting has allowed people to privatize the gains from the environment but socialize the costs，to paraphrase Carl Safina，an American scientist and environmentalist at the meeting.As Dr Safina puts it，“conservation is not a trade off between the economy and the environment.It is a trade－off between the short and long term.”

参考译文:

(1)任何企图给新鲜空气、清洁水源或者热带雨林赋予经济价值的尝试都会冒犯某些脆弱敏感的人，因为他们认为保护自然是人类的一种道德责任。

(2)如果政府并没意识到一片风景对于旅游业的价值，或一块湿地对于渔业的价值，以及因此而产生的外汇收入，可能就会在管理这些资源方面投资过少。

(3)其代价暂未可知，但随着森林砍伐殆尽，高价建造过滤装置以消除水源中的沉积物，或者随着鱼类消失，进口食物价格上涨，其代价就会逐渐显露出来。

(4)有人估计沿海及海洋生态系统对全球经济的年贡献为20万亿美元。超过全球所有国家国民生产总值(GNP)的1/3。

(5)长期以来，绿色核算账户的缺失使得人们将从环境中获得的收益个人化，其成本社会化。

(10)

(1)It is a book that will take you into the inner backroom of Wall Street，a book that I hope will open a door to a new world in the same way a new world opened up to me when I took my first job as a Wall Street analyst in 1989 and soon received the first of many cryptic calls:

“Come immediately to a meeting，Dan.Don＇t let anyone，not even your staff or your family，know where you＇re going.”

At such meeting，it would become clear that a company was about to undertake a major move such as a merger，an acquisition，or a big financing with the help of my investment bank，and that the company wanted my advice.On Wall Street，this experience was called going“over the Wall”，referring to the“Chinese Wall”.(2)It was supposed to keep confidential，inside information obtained by an investment banker from falling into the hands of someone who could use it for unfair gain.I went over the Wall many times in my career.And this book will bring you over the Wall，too—the wall that conceals and protects how Wall Street really works.

As I write，the telecom and financial worlds are showing signs of life.A few stocks，such as Google，the Internet search engine，are defying gravity once again.(3)Investment banks have restructured in an attempt to keep analysts from the types of temptations and conflicts of interest that brought their firms numerous lawsuits and billions in fines.Boards of directors have been reshuffled.Ethics policies have been implemented and laws changed.Some of the most lurid corporate scandals of the early twenty-first century，from Tyco and Adelphia to World Com and Enron，have finally reached all the way to the tops of those organizations，thanks in part to the zealous efforts of government prosecutors.And mega-billion-dollar mergers in the telecom industry once again headline the news.

It seems like a whole new world.And indeed，it is certainly true that the Street has changed in some ways，ways that make it a little less vulnerable to overt fraud.(4)It is also true that some executives of some corrupt companies are finally being brought to account and that investment banks and the analysts who work for them are under much more scrutiny than ever before.

But let＇s not be fooled.There remain many conflicts，leaks，and abuses of the law—and of investors＇trust—that have never been exposed.(5)No one has fully explained why the remedies offered and prosecutions undertaken thus far will not solve the problems inherent on Wall Street.No one has fully explained how investors play on an unbalanced and unfair playing field，a field that individuals and even many professional investors have no business playing on at all.And no one has explained how crime paid—and paid big—for the majority of people who broke the rules.

参考译文:

(1)这本书将引导你进入华尔街的内部“密室”，我希望它将为你打开通向一个全新世界的大门，就像我在1989年接受第一份华尔街证券分析师的工作，这个全新的世界向我敞开了一样。

(2)设墙的目的是防止被投资银行家掌握的内部消息落到了那些可以利用其进行不公平交易的人手里。

(3)投资银行已经重组，试图让证券分析师们远离各种各样的诱惑与利益冲突，这些东西曾经使得银行被大量的官司缠身，在罚金上损失了几十亿。

(4)确定的变化还有，一些腐败公司的执行官们最终被质询，为这些公司工作的投资银行和分析师们被置于比以前严格得多的监督之下。

(5)没有人透彻地解释为什么实行的纠正措施和执行的起诉程序远不能解决华尔街内部的痼疾。