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《德文新报》的研究价值所在

时间:2023-04-17 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:自《德文新报》停刊至今,在诸多关于在华外文报刊的研究论述中,普遍没有重视德国在华新闻事业,这也导致了在华连续出版超过30年的《德文新报》一直处于被忽视的状态,只能在新闻史中偏安一隅。本文选取《德文新报》为研究对象,不仅是为在华外文报刊的基础性研究做出适当补充,而且希望以《德文新报》为切入点,探究德国在华新闻事业在近代中国报业发展的历史中扮演了怎样的角色。

第五节 《德文新报》的研究价值所在

20世纪30年代,赵敏恒著《外人在华的新闻事业》一书,是当时这一领域的代表性文献,但是,该著述在论及德国在华新闻事业时却首先表明“德国在华的新闻组织,没有占有重要的地位。在华的德国报刊,总共仅有三种。”[88]赵著对于德国在华报刊是从20世纪20年代的《桥报》(Die Brücke)开始说起的[89],至终未有提及《德文新报》。另外,该著还认为,德国在华所办的“这些报刊不仅篇幅很小,而且出版停刊也没有一定。他们没有登载过什么消息或文章,足以引起一般人之注意的”[90]。暂且不论其他相关统计数据是否准确,单就上述两处引文来说,笔者就必须质疑,而《德文新报》就是支撑笔者质疑的有力论据。

事实上,赵著中对德国在华新闻事业的描述恰能反映学界对这一问题的研究现状。自《德文新报》停刊至今,在诸多关于在华外文报刊的研究论述中,普遍没有重视德国在华新闻事业,这也导致了在华连续出版超过30年的《德文新报》一直处于被忽视的状态,只能在新闻史中偏安一隅。

本文选取《德文新报》为研究对象,不仅是为在华外文报刊的基础性研究做出适当补充,而且希望以《德文新报》为切入点,探究德国在华新闻事业在近代中国报业发展的历史中扮演了怎样的角色。这项个案研究,既将曾经淹没在历史碎片中的德国在华报业活动展现了出来,又有可能为相关研究提供可行的视角。

【注释】

[1]丁淦林主编.中国新闻事业史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:24—25.

[2]丁淦林主编.中国新闻事业史[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:40.

[3]李彬.中国新闻社会史(1815—2005)[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2007:49.

[4]秦绍德.上海近代报刊史论[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,1993:13.

[5]让-诺埃尔·让纳内.西方媒介史[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005:90.

[6]美国学者在20世纪初对“新闻业(Journalism)”进行定义时,这样说:“新闻业,简而言之,就是准备继而出版一份报刊的工作。如果仅仅如此,那就简单了。然而,要准备并出版一份货真价实的报刊,一份将全世界的事件都记录下来的报刊,那可是一项完全不同的事业。……现代意义上的报刊,不仅仅是一个组织良好的机构,乃应当是现代新闻业之喉舌,是能够对全世界的日常生活产生广泛影响的工具。”在文章中,该学者从报道内容、时效性、专业性等多方面论述了为什么17世纪至19世纪前期的报刊不能与现代意义上的报刊相提并论。Harrie Davis.American Journalism[G]//Journalism:Its Relation to and Influence upon the Political,Social,Professional,Financial and Commercial Life of the United States of America.The New York Press Club,1905:19-27.据此而言,17世纪时在欧洲出版的第一份期刊着实不能算作是新闻业的开端。

[7]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:96-97.

[8]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:96-115.

[9]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:97.

[10]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:96-115.

[11]Pierre de Bacourt,John W.Cunliffe.The Development of the French Press[G]//French of To-day:Readings in French Newspapers.New York:The Macmillan Company,1917:xxx.

[12]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:98-99.

[13]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:99-100.

[14]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:99-100.

[15]Pierre de Bacourt,John W.Cunliffe.The Development of the French Press[G]//French of To-day:Readings in French Newspapers.New York:The Macmillan Company,1917:xlviii.

[16]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:99-100.

[17]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:101.

[18]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:101.

[19]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:101.

[20]Michael Schudson.Question Authority:A History of the News Interview in American Journalism,1860s-1930s[J].Media,Culture and Society,1994,16(4):568.Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:103.

[21]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:103-104.

[22]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:104.

[23]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:105.

[24]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:108.

[25]《出版自由法》是1881年7月29日法国议会通过的正式的新闻法律。

[26]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:108.

[27]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:108.

[28]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:110.

[29]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:110-111.

[30]即1870年9月4日至1940年6月22日这段时期。

[31]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:111.

[32]Jean K.Chalaby.Journalism as an Anglo-American invention[G]//European Journal of Communication 11(3),1996:303-326.Edited by Howard Tumber.Journalism(Volume I).London:Routledge,2008:111.

[33]European Journalism并非某一特定说法,此处是笔者根据让·查勒比文章中的Anglo-American Journalism仿拟而成,此语源于Fred S.Siebert等人的著述Four Theories of the Press,用Anglo-American Journalism来描述英国、美国及英联邦国家所遵循的一种共同的传统,即“英美传统”(Anglo-American tradition)。Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:77.

[34]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:77.

[35]即本文前述让·查勒比发表于1996年的《源于英美的新闻业》(Journalism as an Anglo-American Invention)一文。

[36]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:78.

[37]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:79-80.

[38]阿尔弗雷德·胡根贝格(Alfred Hugenberg)(1865.6.19~1951.3.12),曾经是著名的报人,后来成为德国工商界知名人士和政治家。1909~1918年任克虏伯公司董事长,1928年任德国民族大众党主席,和其他右翼党联合反对魏玛共和国的议会民主制度和外交政策。

[39]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:80.

[40]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:80-81.

[41]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:83.

[42]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:84.

[43]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:86.

[44]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:85.

[45]1791年,在美国第一届国会上,各州要求制定联邦宪法权利法案的10条修正案获得批准,成为现在的联邦宪法第一至第十修正案,亦称《权利法案》。参见邱小平.表达自由——美国宪法第一修正案研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:6—7.

[46]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:89.

[47]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:81.

[48]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:81.

[49]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:82.

[50]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:82.

[51]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:78.

[52]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:91.

[53]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:91.

[54]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:91.

[55]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:107.

[56]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:107.

[57]在拿破仑一世的扩张过程中,欧洲主要国家曾多次组成反法同盟抗击侵略。但是最终在1806年,普鲁士的军队几乎全军覆没,拿破仑因此取得了德国大部分地区,宣布大陆封锁政策,自此,法国在欧洲大陆的霸主地位得到了确立,德意志神圣罗马帝国灭亡。1813年,英国、俄国、普鲁士和奥地利再次组成反法同盟,双方在现今德国境内多次激战。经过10月的莱比锡民族大会战,法军被击溃,各附庸国纷纷脱离法国独立(迪特尔·拉甫.德意志史——从古老帝国到第二共和国(中文版)[M].波恩:Inter Nationes,1987:50-61)。

[58]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:108-109.

[59]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:111.

[60]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:115.

[61]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:117.

[62]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:119-120.

[63]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:116.

[64]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:116.

[65]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:121.

[66]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:122-124.

[67]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:125-126.

[68]奥托·冯·俾斯麦(Otto yon Bismarck),生于1815年,卒于1898年。

[69]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:126.

[70]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:126.

[71]近代学者储玉坤在记述彼时的德国报刊时这样写道:“德国报纸唯一的特色,就是地方主义色彩的浓厚;这完全是历史造成的。我们知道,德国的统一,还是近百年的事;在未统一之前,各邦各自为政,无异是个小国家,因此只要居民有一千以上数目的小城市就会有一家日报出版,人民对于各地报纸竟称为‘我的报纸’(Mein Blatt),这个观念因袭至今,使德国的报业受了这个地方主义的束缚,不能像英美的报业有惊人的发展。”参见:储玉坤.现代新闻学概论[M].上海:世界书局,民国三十七年(1948):60—61.

[72]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:127.

[73]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:127.

[74]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:135.

[75]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:127.

[76]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:129.

[77]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:129.

[78]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:129.

[79]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:129.

[80]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:131.

[81]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:132.

[82]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:125-126.

[83]Paolo Mancini.Is There A European Model of Journalism?[G]//Eidted by Hugo de Burgh.Making Journalists.London:Routledge,2005:85.

[84]知名出版人Ullstein在20世纪初创办的大众化报刊BZ am Mittag是典型的代表之一。

[85]Ulf Jonas Bjork.Germany:Mass-Circulation Newspapers shaped by an Authoritarian Setting[G].//Edited by Ross F.Collins and E.M.Palmegiano.The Rise of Western Journalism,1815-1914.Jefferson:McFarland &Company,Inc.,Publishers,2007:134.

[86]迈克·亚达斯,彼得·斯蒂恩,斯图亚特·史瓦兹.喧嚣时代:20世纪全球史[M].大可,王舜舟,王静秋,译.北京:三联书店,2005:17.

[87]陈旭麓.近代中国社会的新陈代谢[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2006:58.

[88]赵敏恒.外人在华的新闻事业[M].上海:中国太平洋国际学会,1932:64.

[89]赵敏恒.外人在华的新闻事业[M].上海:中国太平洋国际学会,1932:65.

[90]赵敏恒.外人在华的新闻事业[M].上海:中国太平洋国际学会,1932:64.

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