摘要和结论

摘要和结论

文化权利可以在国际法的法律书中找到出处和根据。由于国际法规定的是国家行为,所以一些在第二次世界大战之后出现在具有国际水平的人权条约,见证了国际法的发展过程和发展方向。联合国和其他一些由像国际劳工组织和联合国教科文组织等机构资助的地区人权组织发展出了一种特殊的法律机制,在这种机制中文化权利可以得到永久的保护。

全球化对这种保护体系构成了严重的挑战。这种挑战不管从国家角度还是少数民族的角度都是非常严重的,能够造成危险后果。一方面,全球化压制了脆弱的国家主权;另一方面,在一国家的内部,由于否认要对少数民族的文化权利进行保护进而会造成现存少数民族的不稳定。当然要看到,少数民族通过全球化在接触同类文化的过程中能够获得更好的发展选择。

在全球化的世界中,文化权利有多种定义方式。这包括那些像在《多边投资协议》和世界贸易组织等国际条约中包含的人权概念。对人权的强调在制定外交政策和国际货币基金组织政策往往是考虑的重点。有关国家要求跨国公司的活动应与国际人权法中所保护的文化权利相一致。因此,那些特别想通过国际合法体系来保护文化权利的人应该明白全球化对于文化保护来讲机遇和挑战共存,这一点非常重要。

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【注释】

[1]V·T．萨米尔玛兰(V. T. Thamilmaran):博士,斯里兰卡科伦坡大学法学高级讲师。

[2]译者注:第三代人权注意到人权的普遍性,也就是人权不是一个国家、一个地区的事情,而是整个人类的事情。