高等学校英语应用能力考试阅读技巧

第二节　高等学校英语应用能力考试阅读技巧

一、阅读理解部分命题特点及原则

根据《高等学校英语应用能力考试大纲》的要求，阅读理解的测试目的是检测考生从英文书面材料中获取信息的能力。高等学校英语应用能力考试的阅读理解部分共设有25道题，阅读理解的短文有4篇，总阅读量约1 000词，时间为40分钟，占总分的35%。其考试题型分为选择题、填空题、匹配题和简答题。共五篇文章，其中2篇选择题， 1篇填空题， 1篇匹配题及1篇简答题。考试以说明文和应用文为主，题材包括科普类文章、经贸类文章以及人物介绍等，其内容是各专业学生所能理解的，并不需要特殊的专业知识。在阅读总量中，实用性文字材料约占60%。

(一)阅读材料

从内容上看，这部分的阅读材料不包括故事、小说、散文等文学性材料。实用性文字材料占60%，重点放在一般性阅读内容上，如科普、文化、社会、常识、经济、人物等，以及应用文如文摘、外贸函电、广告、说明书、业务订单和文件等。

(二)命题原则

命题原则，通俗地讲，就是命题人员问问题的方式，从什么角度提问，掌握这些，这对考生高分通过阅读理解部分的测试是很有帮助的。综观近年来高等学校英语应用能力考试的阅读理解部分的命题情况，命题通常分为两大类:

1．涉及文章总体性的问题。涉及文章总体性的问题需要对全文有足够的理解。这类问题的形式通常体现在3个方面:

( 1)问文章大意或标题的问题;

( 2)问与文章内容相符的问题;

( 3)问作者的态度或观点。

2．涉及文章局部性的问题。涉及文章局部性的问题通常体现在以下5个方面:

( 1)问文章中某个名词或短语所指;

( 2)问某个代词所指;

( 3)问某个动词所指;

( 4)问某个名词的同义词或短语;

( 5)问文章中的某个情节。

二、阅读理解应试技巧

(一)选择题

高等学校英语应用能力考试的阅读理解部分第1和第2个阅读题型是多项选择题，这是英语考试中最常见的考试题型。这一题型在每套试题中通常包含10道选择试题，每题2分，计20分。此类试题往往分为五种:主旨题、细节题、推断题、是非判断题和词汇释义题。回答好该类题型须从以下几方面入手:

1．充分理解并掌握段落或文章的主旨和大意;

2．掌握文章的重要事实和主要情节;

3．运用上下文知识和背景知识，运用自己的逻辑推理能力正确进行判断和推理;

4．判断作者的目的、语气、看法及态度;

5．正确判断词汇、短语和句子的含义。

对考生来说，想要有效地完成该题，首先应快速阅读全文，同时注意以较快的速度把文章的段首句认真地读一遍(不等于反复读) ，以了解文章的主旨大意、结构框架以及找出或归纳出段落主题句;然后仔细阅读文章后面的问题，带着问题回头去看文章，从文章中有关句子或段落找出答案，这样可以降低答案搜索的盲目性，提高答题的速度和准确性。同时做题时还应注意:文章后面的题目顺序一般与文章的顺序一致。了解这一点，有助于我们略过已被测试的文字信息，清楚答案的大致位置。

考试中若是细节性问题，考生可在文章中找出相关的语言信息，认真做出判断;若是综合性的问题，则应仔细阅读整篇文章，运用上下文、逻辑关系进行综合归纳再作选择。例如:

Task 1(每题2分)

Directions: After reading the following passage，you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements，numbered 36 to 40． For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A，B，C and D． You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center．

Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activities． For example，psychologists are interested in why some things make you sad，but others make you happy． They want to know why some people are shy，but others are quite talkative． They also want to know why people do the things that they do． They test in telligence．

Psychologists deal with the mind and behavior of people． Your mind consists of all your feelings，thoughts，and ideas． It is the result of one part of the brain called the cerebrum (大脑) 。Your behavior is the way you act or conduct your self． Examples of behavior include shouting，crying，laughing and sleeping．

Several people have been instrumental in the field of psychology． Wilhelm Wudtset up the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig，Germany，in 1879． Ivan Pavlov，a Russian，is noted for his experiments with dogs in which he studied their reflexes (反射作用) and reactions． Around 1900， Sigmund Freud stated his theory that people try to repress any memories or thoughts that they believed were not good．

Psychologists should not be confused with psychiatrists． Psychiatrists deal only with mental illness． They are medical doctors who treat people．36． A good title for this selection is__________．

A) Studying the Mind

B) Feelings and Behavior of Human Beings

C) Psychology and Psychiatry

D) Famous Psychologists

分析:本题是一个主旨题。首先要找到文章的中心句，也就是文章的第一句话， “心理学是对思想和心理行为的研究” 。文章讲述的是心理学的研究对象以及科学家的研究成果在心理学领域所作的贡献等。所以可概括为“研究思想” ，所以本题答案是A) 。

37． “Some people are shy． ”That means__________．

A) they are modest 　　　　　B) they are quiet

C) they never say a word 　　D) they are ashamed

分析:本题是一个含义推断题，整句话的意思是“他们想要知道为什么有的人害羞，而另一些人却很健谈” 。在这个转折的句子中， shy和talkative是相对应的，所以答案为B) 。

38． We may conclude that psychologists__________．

A) study physical diseases as well

B) deal with animals more often than you with people

C) are not medical doctors

D) are interested in things that make sad

分析:本题是一个推断题，最后一段指出“心理学家不要和精神学医生相混淆” ，而精神病学医生才是治疗病人的医疗医生。所以答案是C) ，心理学家不是医疗医生。

39． Pavlov worked with__________．

A) people 　　　　　B) dogs

C) mental illness 　D) abnormal behavior

分析:本题是一个细节题。由文章中的Ivan Pavlov，a Russian，is noted for his experiments with dogs in which he studied their reflexes (反射作用) and reactions．可得知答案为B) 。

40． The cerebrum controls__________．

A) the mind 　　　　　B) the body

C) the whole brain 　　D) The field of psychology

分析:本题是一个细节题，文章第二自然段的Your mind consists of all your feelings，thoughts，and ideas． It is the result of one part of the brain called the cerebrum (大脑) 。“你的思想包括感情、思维和意识。它是人脑中被称为大脑的部分作用的结果。 ”因此，答案为A) 。

Task 2 (每题2分)

Directions: After reading the following passage，you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements，numbered 41 to 45． For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A，B，C and D． You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center．

The White House is the home of the President of the United States and his family． It wasn't called the White House until Teddy Roosevelt named it in 1901．

James Hoban designed the White House in 1792． He was awarded the job because he had won a contest sponsored by the government． His design had been selected as the best．

President John Adams was the first to live in the White House． When he and his wife，Abigail moved in，it was a huge mansion in the middle of a swamp．Many of the rooms were unfinished． Abigail used the famous East Room as a drying room for laundry． More rooms were decorated every year． Rare shrubs and trees were planted on the ground．

Yet，all this work was for nothing． In the War of 1812， the British burned the mansions to the ground． The White House was rebuilt in 1817． The beauty of its decorations and furnishings has been growing ever since．

41． Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A) President John Adams and The White House

B) White House Today

C) A House Full of History

D) White House Before 1812

分析:本题是一主旨题，从全问来看，文章分别讲述了白宫的居住者身份、第一个入住白宫的总统、总统夫人对白宫的改善、白宫的设计者和修缮的经历等。可用排除法得到正确选项C) 。

42． The White House was sponsored by the government． This means that the government__________．

A) received the prize　　　　 B) held the contest

C) invented the design 　　　D) was against having a contest

分析:本题是词汇释义题，文章中的He was awarded the job because he had won a contest sponsored by the government．他赢得了比赛，得到了工作，推测出sponsor的含义为“发起，赞助” 。可以看出正确答案为B) 。

43． James Hoban won the job of building the White House because__________．

A) his plan of the house seemed better than the others'

B) he organized the contest

C) he was the best- known architect of his time

D) he applied for the job to the government

分析:本题是细节题，文章中的He was awarded the job because he had won a contest sponsored by the government． His design had been selected as the best．“他赢得了政府发起的竞标。他的设计被选为是最佳的。 ”可以看出正确答案为A) 。

44． Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A) The present building of the White House has been standing for almost two centuries．

B) It was James Hoban who first had the idea of building the White House．

C) The number of the rooms in the White House has been growing ever since it was built．

D) The White House got its name at the turn of the century．

分析:本题是推断题，最后一段讲到白宫在1812年被毁，于1817年重建，可将选项A已经耸立了近两个世纪排除;根据he had won a contest sponsored by the government．可见他只是设计者而不是建造者;根据The beauty of its decorations and furnishings has been growing ever since．可知道增加的不是rooms;根据It wasn't called the White House until Teddy Roosevelt named it in 1901．可知道D是正确的。

45． We can infer from the passage that the White House was first built__________．

A) on a low and damp site　　　B) among trees and flowers

C) on a small island　　　　　　D) on a small hill

分析:本题是词汇含义题。根据it was a huge mansion in the middle of a swamp “它是一个沼泽中的大厦”只有A比较符合。所以答案为A)

(二)填空题

为了体现命题的多样性以及多角度考察学生的阅读理解能力，考试中还出现了阅读理解填空题( Task 3) ，占试卷总成绩的10%。而且考察的短文都具有很强的实用性，题材如信函、传真、广告、维护及使用产品说明等，所给出的题目相对比较直观。

然而，通过对历年考试成绩进行分析发现，成绩也并不十分理想，其主要原因是文章短小，信息集中，加上内容广泛，学生平时并没有真正接触过，要求学生在短短的考试时间内完成理解，有较大的难度。因此，掌握这类题的解题技巧是提高答题准确率的关键。

1．首先，要充分调动头脑中储备的背景知识，认真阅读原文，准确把握文中所提供的信息，正确理解语境，把握文章大意。

2．然后，在正确理解原短文意思的基础上，细读试题所给的经过改写或缩写后留有空格的短语或句子，认真理解每个句子的含义后，找出题干中的关键词，返回原文寻读与题干相关内容的句子或语段，并进行比较分析，确定出与题干中线索词相关的词或词组，从语法角度确定其正确词形。

3．最后，再将原短文和补全后的短语或句子审读一遍，上下对比参照，逐一检查所填的词或词组是否符合原文主旨和细节以及语法结构是否正确，如有不符则应重新核查修正。

总之，做这类题时，可以先看题目，然后根据题目中所出现的词汇(有时文章和题目用的是同义词)到文章中查找出处，答案基本都能在文章中找到，但确定了出处还要学会归纳信息，因为这类题型要求所填内容不超过三个单词(题目中有in no more than 3 words的提示) ，所以尽量去掉修饰词，保留核心词;同时还应注意句首字母的大写;原文照写的词语特别是一些自己不熟悉的词语的正确拼写;所填信息和已给部分一定要在语法上相吻合，如主谓一致等细节问题。例如:

Task 3(每空1分) Directions: After reading it，you should complete the information by filling in the blanks marked 46 to 50 for each blank． You should write in the table below in no more than 3 words．

Wildlife as Cannon Camera Sees It

One of the greatest roles of picture- taking is to record and preserve images of the world around us worthy to be handed down as a gift for all generations． A photograph of the aye- aye (指猴) offers a rare view of one of Madagascar's (马达加斯加岛的) most unique creatures．

The aye- aye sleeps by day in its nest，emerging at night to search for food．Perceived in extremes according to Madagascan beliefs，this unusual animal is feared by some people，and admired by others． The aye- aye，like most of Madagascar's wildlife，is threatened by a loss of its natural home． As with most species (物种) in danger，the future of the aye- aye greatly depends on mankind's ability to live in peace with the natural world． A valuable research tool，picture taking can promote a better understanding of the aye- aye and how it lives within its natural environment． And understanding is perhaps the single most important factor in saving the aye- aye and all of wildlife．

Advertisement of Cannon Camera

分析:答题前，考生要先读懂短文，理解短文的大意和脉络，然后依据短文内容来完成试题后给出的句子。从文章的标题可以看出，其中心意思就是讲Cannon Camera(佳能照相机)的作用。掌握原文的内容后，再细读所给待填空补全的问题，逐句进行推敲，寻读原文中与之相关的句子，确定空格处所填的词。回答问题要采取“找关键词——返回原文——确定所填词汇词性”的步骤。

在解答第46、 47题时，我们首先应该注意到关键词“roles” ， “images”以及“and” ，然后回到原文第一句就可以看到由这三个词所连接的是“record”和“preserve” ，所以，答案应该为“record”和“preserve” 。

而在第48题中线索词是“a rare view”和“aye- aye” ，它们出现在原文的第一段最后一句，在原句中与“a rare view”相连接的词是“offer” 。此外，从空格前出现的“to” ，我们可以判断，这里需要填入一个动词，所以，答案应该是“of fer” 。

再看第49、 50题，题干中关键信息是“help...to...” ， “the wildlife better”和“the aye- aye and all of wildlife” ，回到原句可以发现与之相关的是“a better understanding of the aye- aye”及“in saving the aye- aye and all of wildlife” ，依据“help...to...”我们可以判断出所缺的词语应该是动词原形，所以，自然要把“understanding”以及“saving”改为动词原形“understand”和“save” 。

(三)匹配题

第4个阅读是匹配题，匹配题往往测试学生查阅列表、目录等的能力。它要求考生能迅速准确地完成汉英的信息配对。该题型是分别用英语和汉语表示相关内容的短语或一些专业术语，要求学生根据汉语的含义，选出相应的英语部分的正确选项，题目数量一般为10个空，每空0． 5分，共5分，占总分的5%。涉及内容包括机器操作指令、产品说明、某行业的专用术语、学校开课的名称、体育运动的名称，各种列表、故障说明、公共场所的标志用语、一些专业术语等等。匹配题已在答案中给出汉语，只需考生填上相应的英语字母即可。

要做好这部分试题，平时我们就应多记忆多积累一些词语，如各种公共场所的标志用语、各种故障说明等等;再则，这类试题往往有example，首先我们可排除example中出现的英语选项，从而缩小选择的范围，然后可根据某个或某些熟悉的词语在剩下的选项中去选择或排除某些选项。例如:

Task 4(每空0． 5分)

Directions: The following is a list of information for care marks． After reading it，you are required to find the items equivalent to those in Chinese in the table below．Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets on the Answer Sheet，numbered 51 to 55．

A—Center of Gravity

B—Fragile

C—( USE) No Hooks

D—Guard Against Wet

E—Inflammable

F—Keep Dry

G—Keep Cool

H—Keep in Cool Place

I—Keep Away from Boiler

K—Keep Away from Heat

L—Open Here

M—Perishable

N—Sling Here

O—This Side Up ( Handle) with Care

P—To Be Kept Upright

Examples: ( G)保持低温( L)此处打开

分析:首先排除举例中的G和L选项，接下来按照自己的词汇量把不存在生词较为简单的项目依次判断排除，如L，P等。对于存在生词的项目，应从认识的词汇出发，将其与翻译对比分析，得出答案。如A选项， center意为“中心” ，在翻译中只有“中心在此”与之对应，因此得到答案。

(四)简答题

第5个阅读是简答题。5个问题，每题1分。答此题的关键是简要、明确，每题的回答不超出3个单词。简答题测试的是考生阅读应用文的能力。该题型要求学生在读懂文章的基础上，用正确、简洁的英语来回答问题。题目数量为5题，占总分的5%。简答题除了考查学生的阅读能力以外，重点是考查学生的语言表达能力以及概括能力，也就是说，要求学生具备运用正确的拼写、句法结构、词语搭配、标点符号和书写方式来组织答案的能力及一定的综合概括能力。

做这类题时，与填空题相似，也可以先看问题后看文章，根据问题的核心词汇到文章中查找信息的出处，因为该题题目也有in no more than 3 words的提示，所以也应注意归纳核心词汇，另外句首字母的大写、单词的正确拼写及主谓一致之类的语法问题同样也是做该题的注意事项。例如:

Task 5(每题1分)

Directions: After reading it，you are required to complete the statements that follow the questions ( No． 56 to 60) ． You should write your answers in no more than 3 words on the Answer Sheet correspondingly．

Name: Wang Gang

Date of Birth: June 12， 1960 Shanghai，P． R． C．

Sex: Male

Marital Status: Unmarried

Education: 1968—1974 YuFu School， 180 West Yu Fu St，Nanjing

　　　　1974—1980 Wei Yuan High School， 17 Meiyuan Rd，Nanjing

　　　　1980—1984 Fudan University，majoring in International Trading and completing requirements for the Bachelor of Arts，degree to be granted June 22， 1984

Hobbies: making friends，listening to music，swimming，folk dancing

Employment Record:

May， 1984: A part- time clerk in the Engineering Technology Trading Corpo ration， responsible for telex operation and typing．

Sept． 1984—present: Assistant Manager in Xi Kang Trade Company，in charge of international trade fair．

Reference: Chu Minghua，General Manager in Xi Kang Trade Company．

56． When was Mr． Wang born?

On June 12，1960．

57． Is he married?

No，he isn't．

58． From which university did he graduate?

He graduated from Fudan University．

59． What's his position now?

Assistant Manager in Xi Kang Trade Company．

60． With whom you can consult if you want to know more about Mr． Wang?

His general manager，Mr． Chu Minghua．

分析:按照“找关键词——返回原文——确定答案”的步骤依次作题。

56、 57题非常简单，可以直接写出答案，注意不要超过3个词。看58题，确定关键词为university he graduated，马上可以对应文章找到来自Education一项，得到答案。再来看59题，注意关键词now和文章中的Employment Record中的present相对应，得出答案。最后，注意到consult与reference有相似的含义，判断出答案。