六、名词性从句的译法
英语名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等,分别在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。英语中,这类句子的语序同汉语的语序很接近,因此在翻译名词性从句时,基本上可以按照原文的顺序翻译,但由于行文的需要,有时也可以采用一些其他的处理方法。
(一)主语从句的译法
1.“that+从句的主语+从句的谓语+主句的谓语”、“It is+形容词+that从句”句型
在翻译由连词that引导的主语从句时,可以将“that从句”单独译成一个短句,加逗号,再使用“这”字作主语的句子。这种主语从句往往变形为“It is+形容词+that从句”的结构,it在句中作形式主语,但翻译的方法相同。另外,that在这两种形式的主语从句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,因此,翻译时使用省略法,不必也无法译出。
例1 A.That the living conditions are improving is evident.
生活条件在改善,这很明显。
B.It is evident that the living conditions are improving.
生活条件在改善,这很明显。
例2 It is important that the hotel receptionist make sure that guests are registered correctly.
A.前台服务员应该确保每一位客人都登记无误,这一点很重要。
B.重要的是,前台服务员应该确保每一位客人都登记无误。
例2的译文中将guests are registered correctly翻译为“每一位客人都登记无误”,既包含“被动结构”的处理方法,同时也使用了“正反、反正译法”的技巧。由此可见,在英译汉的过程中,有时需要使用多种技巧才能使译文通顺,符合汉语的表达习惯。
常用于“It is+形容词+that从句”结构的形容词有“clear,important,possible,probable,strange,necessary”等。翻译时,先将that后的主语从句翻译出来,然后加上“(这是)很+形容词”的结构,但有时将形容词转译成副词短语,会使译文更符合汉语的表达习惯。试比较下面英语句子汉语的不同译法。
例3 It’s probable that we will be a little late.
A.我们要迟到一会儿,这很可能。
B.我们很可能要迟到一会儿。
例4 It was really astonishing that she refused to talk to her parents.
A.她拒绝和父母谈话,这真令人吃惊。
B.令人吃惊的是,她竟然拒绝和父母谈话。
例5 It is strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.
A.他竟然没有看出自己的缺点,这很奇怪。
B.真奇怪,他竟然没有看出自己的缺点。
2.“It is+名词+that从句”句型
除“It is+形容词+that从句”结构外,常见的还有“It is+名词+that从句”结构。翻译这类结构时,通常也会涉及“词类转换”和“语序调整”等翻译技巧。常用于此结构的名词词组有“a fact,a pleasure,a pity,a pleasant thing,one’s duty,an honor,a shame,no easy job,good news,a waste of time”等。
例1 A.That the climate around the world is changing is an accepted fact.
世界各地的气候都在变化,这是人所共知的事实。
B.It is an accepted fact that the climate around the world is changing.
世界各地的气候都在变化,这是人所共知的事实。
例2 It’s a pity that you missed such a fine talk.
真遗憾,这样好的报告你没听到。
例3 It is a sheer waste of time that we read such kind of trash.
阅读这样的垃圾图书简直就是浪费时间。
例4 It’s a crime that you didn’t finish school.
你没有完成学业真是一件令人遗憾的事。
例5 It’s not your fault that this has happened.
发生了这样的事并不是你的错。
3.“It+被动语态+that从句”句型
这种句型常译成汉语里的主动句,并增加泛指性的词“大家”、“我们”、“人们”等作主语。通常对这种结构的译法是保留原文句子结构的前后顺序,先译主句,再译从句,即将主语从句译成句子宾语。有时也可用“据……”句型翻译。被动结构的译法参阅“被动结构的译法”中的相关介绍。
例1 It is generally regarded that stress should be put on the prevention of disease.
人们普遍认为,疾病应当以预防为主。
例2 It is estimated that the villa is worth US$20,000,000.
据估计,这幢别墅值2 000万美元。
例3 It was well known that Napoleon always asked the same three questions,and usually in the same order.
大家都知道,拿破仑总是问那同样的三个问题,而且通常是按照同样的顺序来问的。
这个英文例句的主语太长,而表语较短,因此通常不会把“that从句”放在句首。
4.“It+谓语+that从句”句型
通常按原文句子结构的顺序翻译,形式主语It不译出来。
例1 It seems that she is going to buy a car on installment.
她好像要用分期付款的方式购买汽车。
例2 It goes without saying that plants cannot grow without sunlight.
不言而喻,没有阳光,植物就不能生长。
例3 It occurred to him that he had forgotten to lock the door.
他突然想起他忘了锁门。
5.由其他连词引导的主语从句
其他常引导主语从句的连词还有who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which等。翻译时,主语从句在译文中通常还是作主语。
例1 Whoever breaks the rule should be punished.
无论谁违反了这条规定都要受到惩罚。
例2 Whatever you say will never change my mind.
无论你说什么都改变不了我的想法。
例3 What he said made me very happy.
他所说的话令我十分开心。
例4 Whether he attends the meeting or not doesn’t make much difference.
或It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.
他参加不参加会议都没有多大关系。
(二)宾语从句的译法
在把宾语从句译成汉语时,通常按照英语句子的语序翻译即可。但有时也需要对原文语序进行调整。在翻译时,是否把宾语从句按照原文顺序译成汉语,通常要视具体情况才能确定。
例1 They proposed that we take certain precautions.
他们建议我们采取一定的预防措施。
例2 Let’s see how we can raise our efficiency.
咱们看看怎样才能提高效率。
例3 We must find out who did all this.
我们必须弄清楚这都是谁干的。
例4 You will find that we have given you the best terms customary in our business.
你将发现,我公司对贵方的报价所给予的优惠是前所未有的。
例5 If you are interested in our proposal,we should be glad to know on what terms you would be willing to conclude an agreement.
如果贵方对我方的提议感兴趣,我方想知道贵方的签约条件。
例6 I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.
除了你告诉我的情况以外,我对此事一无所知。
(三)表语从句的译法
在把表语从句译成汉语时,通常按照英语句子的语序翻译即可。
例1 The question is whether he has signed the contract.
问题是他是否已经在合同上签了字。
例2 The trouble is that they are short of money.
麻烦的是他们缺钱。
例3 This is where we spent our summer holidays.
这是我们度暑假的地方。
例4 That’s how the world learned about the disaster.
全世界就这样得知了这场灾难。
例5 What I want to know is how you managed to finish the task in such a short time.
我想知道的是,你是如何在这么短的时间内完成这项任务的。
(四)同位语从句的译法
同位语从句是用来说明其前面名词的具体内容的,通常由that引导,有时也可以由what,why,where等词引导。常见的这类名词有advice,belief,condition,doubt,fact,hope,idea,indication,information,news,order,possibility,problem,promise,proposal,question,sign,suggestion,thought,truth等等。与宾语从句和表语从句的翻译方法相比,同位语从句的翻译相对复杂一些,但大体可以分为以下几种情况。
1.将同位语从句翻译成宾语
翻译时,注意“词类转译”和“增词、减词”等方法的使用。
例1 There are signs that restaurants are becoming more and more popular with families.
有迹象表明餐馆正受到越来越多家庭的青睐。
例2 There are clear indications that the war will soon be over.
有明显的迹象表明战争即将结束。
例3 I have no idea when she will be back.
我不知道她什么时候回来。
例4 We express the hope that they would come and visit China again.
我们希望他们再来中国访问。
例5 Later,I asked the Whites why they never talked about the fact that Amy was driving and had run a stop sign.
后来,我问怀特夫妇为什么他们从来不说当时是艾米在开车而且闯了停车标志。
前四个例句的译文中都有“词类转译”的情况,即将名词sign,indication,idea,hope转译为动词,例4中的express没有译出,以避免重复。例5中的名词fact也没有直接译出。
2.将同位语从句翻译成定语
例1 The old professor gave us some advice how we should use the software.
老教授给我们提出了一些如何使用这个软件的建议。
例2 We must face the fact that we might lose our deposit.
我们必须正视我们可能会失去存款的事实。
例3 The possibility that the majority of labor force will work at home is often discussed.
人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。
3.将同位语从句翻译成同位语
例1 The scientists made an exciting discovery that this waste material could be turned into plastics.
科学家获得了令人振奋的发现,即可以把这种废料制成塑料。
例2 The answer lies in the fact that the girl practices the piano every evening.
答案在于这样的事实,即这个女孩每天晚上都练习钢琴。
翻译实践
I.选择最佳译文。
1.How you manage on your small income is a puzzle to me.
A.我一直纳闷你是如何靠那点收入过日子的。B.我一直纳闷你是如何靠那点收入经营的。
C.你是如何靠那点收入经营的,对我来说是个谜。D.你是如何靠你的小收入过活的对我是个谜。
2.The fact is that funding for international environmental cooperation has been drying up even as environmental issues are at the top of the global agenda.(2004年12月A级)
A.问题的真相是,国际环境合作的基金在不断增长,因为环境问题居全球问题的首位。
B.实际情况是,虽然环境议题是全球性的问题,国际环境合作的资金已经用尽。
C.事实是,国际环境合作的资金在不断萎缩,尽管环境问题位居全球议程之首。
D.问题的实质是,国际环境合作方面的成果已经减少,因为环境问题还没有在世界范围内被纳入议事日程。
3.I’m sorry to tell you that we are unable to give you a definite date of shipment for the time being.
A.很抱歉,现在我们还无法告诉您确切的装船日期。
B.我很抱歉地告诉你我们现在还不能给你明确的装船日期。
C.告诉你们我们现在不能向你们提供确切的运输日期,我很遗憾。
D.我很对不起地告诉你我们现在还没有能力给你明确的装船日期。
4.We have no information whether you will deliver the goods in time.
A.我方想知道贵方能否及时交货。
B.贵方能否及时交货,我方没有信息。
C.我方没有贵方能否及时交货的信息。
D.贵方是否将及时交货,我方没有信息。
5.With so many companies cutting back on their work force lately,do you know how an employee can hold onto his current job?(2005年6月A级)
A.由于以后有这么多的公司将削减劳动力,你知道一个雇员怎样去做才能保住其工作吗?
B.随着后来这么多的公司要进入劳动市场,你知道一个雇员对工作流动是如何想的吗?
C.鉴于最近如此众多的公司在裁员,您知道作为一个雇员如何才能保住自己目前的工作吗?
D.既然如此众多的公司将在劳动力市场上竞争,你知道作为一个雇员如何才能继续做好他目前的工作吗?
II.完成下列译文,注意斜体部分的译法。
1.We’ll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.
我们将讨论_______________________________。
2.It is common sense that the whale is not a fish.
鲸鱼不是鱼,________________________________。
3.It is my suggestion that everybody should be there by seven o’clock.
________________________________,这是我的建议。
4.The manager made a suggestion that the meeting should be put off till Friday.
经理建议_______________________________。
5.I told him that because of the last condition,I had to turn it down.
我告诉他,_______________________________。
6.I hope you’ll be entirely satisfied with this initial shipment.
我希望_______________________________。
7.It is impolite not to return telephone calls—regardless of whom they are from.(2002年6月A级)
________________________________,不回电话是不礼貌的。
8.We appreciate your cooperation and trust that our products will turn out to your satisfaction.
谢谢贵方的合作,_______________________________。
9.For a moment,I even thought that this was some sort of test,and that this woman was someone from the head of f ice,testing my loyalty.
曾有一刻,我甚至认为这是某种考验,________________________________。
10.At that stage in my life,I really was not certain where I would ultimately go in life and what I would do with the years ahead of me.
在人生的这一阶段,我真的不能确定我的人生之路最终将会走向何方,____________________________。
III.将下列段落译成汉语,注意名词性从句的译法。
Enthusiasm means that you are stimulated by your work,and are able to find new challenges and keep growing professionally.But most jobs have some elements that are less fun and more difficult to carry out.This is where passion really comes into play.When you love what you do,it isn’t too difficult to get the job done.The hard part is performing equally well in those less interesting tasks.
Light Reading
下面是一则英汉对照小幽默。轻松之余,别忘了体会其中翻译技巧的运用。
Good News and Bad News
An artist asked the gallery owner if there had been any interest in his paintings currently on display.“I’ve got good news and bad news,”the owner replied.“The good news is that a gentleman inquired about your work and wondered if it would appreciate in value after your death.When I told him it would,he bought all fifteen of your paintings.”“That’s wonderful!”the artist exclaimed,“What’s the bad news?”With concern,the gallery owner replied,“The guy was your doctor.”
好消息和坏消息
一个画家问美术馆馆主有没有人对他正在展出的画作感兴趣,“我有个好消息,还有个坏消息,”馆主说。“好消息是有一位绅士询问有关你的作品的事,并想知道你死后这些画会不会升值。当我告诉他会的之后,他便买下了你全部的15幅画。”“那太好了!”画家惊叹道,“那坏消息呢?”美术馆馆主面露关切之色,答道:“那家伙曾是你的医生。”
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