非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词也是动词的一种,他们有着动词的其他特点,可以充当逻辑主语、宾语、状语、表语等。他没有人称和数的区别,有各自的时态和语态。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。
功能
1. 不定式(infinitive)
1) 结构和用法:
动词不定式:(to)+do,在句中用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语。
否定式:not + (to) do具体用法:
⑴动词不定式用作主语
不定式作主语时位于谓语动词之前,谓语用单数形式。
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
动词不定式短语作主语时,如果主语部分较长时,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于谓语之后。
It is very difficult to finish the work on time.
按时完成这项工作是非常困难的。
It’s a pleasure to help you.
帮助你我觉得很高兴。
It’s kind of you to help people who are in trouble.
你太善良了去帮助那些处于困难中的人。常用句式有:
① It+be+名词+to do。
② It takes sb.+sometime+to do。
③It+be+形容词+of sb+to do。
形容词careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。当表语是表示客观情况的形容词,其逻辑主语用for引出:当表语是不定式逻辑主语本身的特征和品质的形容词,其逻辑主语用of引出。
⑵不定式作表语:
不定式作表语位于系动词之后,解释主语的内容。
Her job is to clean the street.
她的工作是打扫大街。
He appears to have caught a cold.
他似乎感冒了。
不定式表语,通常表示将要作的具体动作
My ideal is to ne a policemen after my graduation.
我的理想是毕业后当名警察。
Her dream is to marry a wealthy man.
她的梦想是将来嫁一个富人。
⑶作宾语:不定式只做某些及物动词的宾语,常与不定式做宾语连接的有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,aim,promise,prefer等。
I want to have a car.
我想要辆小车。
He pretends to agree us.
他假装同意我们的想法。
Nancy managed to deal with the difficult situation.
南希设法处理这个困难的局势。
如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Students nowadays find it important to learn English.
学生们如今发现学英语是很重要的。
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to leave here.
我只能留在这里,别无选择。
She did nothing last Sunday but wash his clothes.
她上周日除了洗衣服什么也没干。
动词know, give, tell, teach, explain, discuss, consider, discover, guess, understand等+不定式作宾语,动词不定式前有时可与疑问词when, whether, where, how,等连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
I really don’t know which to choose.
我真不知道选择哪个。
Nobody told me how to solve the tough problem.
没人告诉我怎么解决这棘手的问题。
⑷作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on, wait for, invite.
He asks me to fetch the file for him.
他叫我给他取回文件。
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the concert.
他有很多工作要做,所以没去音乐会。
有些感观动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to,如:
I saw him cross the road.
我看见他横过公路。
He was seen to cross the road.
他被我看见横过公路。
⑸作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词形成逻辑动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend.
我有一个会议要出席。
I have no money to spend at the moment.
此刻我没钱花了。
注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
He found a good house to live in.
他找到了一个居住的好房子。
The child has nothing to worry about.
这个孩子无忧无虑。
What did you open it with?
你用什么打开它?
在there be结构中,不定式含被动意思,用主动形式和被动形式均可。
There is no time to lose (to be lost).
时不可失。
There is no person to rely on.(to be relied on).
没人任何人能信任了。
⑹作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
She sold her hair to buy the beautiful skirt.
她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条漂亮的裙子。
当不定式放句首表目的时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
wrong:To save money, every means he has been tried.
right:To save money, he has tried every means.
为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。
wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
为了学好英语,他需要一本词典。
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外):常放在never only后,也常与too…to, enough to, sufficient to连用
He arrived late only to find the plane had gone.
他来晚了,只见飞机已经飞走了。
I visited him only to find him out.
我去拜访他,只见他出去了。
He is too proud to accept anyone’s idea.
他太自大了,不能接纳任何人的主意。
③表原因:常放在形容词后面
They were very happy to hear the good news.
他们听到这条消息非常高兴。
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
太暗了,我们什么也看不见。
The question is difficult for him to answer.
这问题由他来回答很困难。
⑤作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
To tell you the truth, I don't like the present he sent.
说实话,我不喜欢他送给我的礼物。
不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。
不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study French and go to France.
他希望学好法语并能去法国。
2)不定式的时态和语态
不定式属于非谓语动词,不能做谓语,但它具有动词的某些特征,动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,但具有时态和语态之分。以do为例。
⑴一般式:to do
例如:I like to study Chinese.
我喜欢学汉语。
⑵进行式:to be doing
例如:He seemed to be listening something at that time.
他好像正在收听什么。
⑶完成式:to have done
例如:She seemed to have finished her homework.
她好像已经完成了作业。
⑷被动式:to be done
例如:The work is to be done soon.
这个工作很快就做完了。
⑸完成被动式:to have been done
例如:The women is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday.
据说,这个妇女昨天已经送往医院了。
3)动词不定式动词表示的动作和谓语的关系。
⑴不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。
例如:
I saw the young man across the bridge.(同时发生)
I hope to visit Mr. Ann next time.(之后发生)
⑵不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
例如:I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble today.
对不起,今天给你添了很多麻烦。
⑶不定式进行式表示不定式的动作,与谓语动词同时发生。
例如:It’s a pleasure for me to be travelling with you at this time.
这次能和你一起旅行,我感到很荣幸。
⑷不定式的被动式有两种形式:
to be done表示将要被做;to have been done表示已被做。
例如:
The new museum to be built next year will be very large.
明年将建造的博物馆会很大。
The new museum is said to have been built last year.
据说,这个新的博物馆去年已经建成了。
⑸在表示情绪的动词,如like, love, hate, prefer等后,用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向,用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式
例如:
I like swimming in summer.
我喜欢在夏天游泳。
Would you like to watch TV in the evening?
你喜欢每天晚上看电视吗?
⑹在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义,相当于动词不定式的被动式;而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。
例如:
The car needs repairing. = The car needs to be repaired.
车需要修理了。
He needs to repair his the car.
他需要修理他的车了。
⑺在介词后一般用动名词作宾语,但在少数介词,如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语,但要注意“to”的省略,如but前有“do”则省去“to”。例如:
I have done nothing but help him with his luggage.除了帮他拿行李,我什么也没做。
I have no choice but to accept it.
我没有选择只能接受。
2. 动名词(gerund)
概述:动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时,称为动名词,动名词在句中可以:主语、表语、宾语、定语。
1)动名词的用法
⑴作主语
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
Littering is a bad habit.
乱扔东西是个坏习惯。
⑵作表语
Her hobby is collecting stamps.
她的爱好是集邮。
My sister’s habit is doing her homework while eating snacks.
我妹妹的习惯是边做作业边吃零食。
⑶作宾语
动名词作宾语位于动词或介词之后,作动词或介词的宾语。常用作动名词作宾语的动词和介词有:
Enjoying, like quit, postpone, finish, risk, deny, avoid, admit, appreciate, hate, stop, give up, keep on, mind, remember, look forward to, be used to, had better to等。
例如:
I enjoy watching TV news after supper.
晚饭后我喜爱看电视新闻。
I remember closing the door before leave.
我记着离开前关了门。
Do you mind my opening the window?
你介意我打开窗户吗
I give up the plan that we have a travel.
我放弃了旅行的计划。
I am used to opening the window while sleeping.
我习惯于睡觉的时候开着窗户。
⑷作定语
①动名词作定语时位于被修饰名词之前,通常表示被修饰名词的作用。
例如:
This is a working plan on the office desk.
办公桌上放着一个工作计划。
The reading room is in the opposite of our classroom.
阅览室在我们教室的对面。
②动名词已经名词化,可用作物主代词、所有格做其逻辑主语。
I must apologize for my son’s coming late.
我必须为我儿子的迟到而道歉。
③动名词已经名词化,可有单复数之别。
As a saying goes: haste make waste.
正如谚语所言:欲速则不达。
④否定动名词时,直接在动名词前加not.
I remember not having told you the bad news.
我记着没有告诉你那个坏消息。
2)动名词的时态和语态
因为动名词具有动词的特征,所以动名词本身具有时态和语态之分。动名词的时态分一般式和完成式两种,语态分主动形式和被动形式。
以do为例,其动名词的时态和语态变化是:
一般式的主动语态:doing
一般式的被动语态:being done
完成式的主动语态:having done
完成式的被动语态:having been done
⑴动名词一般式
动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以与谓语动作同时,也可在谓语动作之前或之后,有时可能没有明确的先后关系。例如:
①没有明确的先后关系。例如:
Seeing is believing.
眼见为实。
Being serious is a good habit.
认真是一个好习惯。
His duty is cleaning the classroom.
他的值日是打扫教室。
Solving the problem is not easy.
解决这个问题可不容易。
②与谓语动作同时发生。例如:
He kept working.
他不停地在工作。
We had a good time in dancing with them.
我们同他们跳舞玩得很开心。
③发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
I apologize for not having kept my promise.
我为没能遵守诺言表示歉意。
He was praised for having made such a contribution to the country.
他因对国家做了这样大的贡献而受到表扬。
After reading your letter I knew what had happened.
看了你的信后我就知道出什么事了。
④发生在谓语动作之后。例如:
She suggested having a meeting.
她建议开个会。
I am thinking of going to the shopping center this afternoon.
我想下午去购物中心。
Would you mind opening the door?
把门打开好吗?
⑵动名词完成式
动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,这时通常用动名词的完成时态。
He denied having stolen anything.
她否认偷过任何东西。
I have no idea of their having done such a thing.
我不知道他们做过那样的事。
I forget having told her that thing before.
我记不得以前告诉过她那件事
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.
谢谢你费力帮忙。
I am very pleased at your having gained a medal.
我很高兴你能获得奖牌。
Tom was very happy for having been invited to the party.
汤姆很高兴是因为被邀请参加聚会。
Lei Feng did not admit having done anything good.
雷锋不承认自己做过好事。
⑶动名词的被动式
动名词的被动语态也有一般式和完成式两种。
动名词一般式的被动语态
No one enjoys being made fun of in public.
没人愿意当众被取笑。
He hated being treated like a child.
他讨厌像对待小孩那样对待他。
We plant trees to prevent soil being washed away easily.
我们栽树以防止土壤被轻易地冲走。
There is no need of the bike being stolen.
自行车没有被偷的危险。
The fact of being supported by so many people is a great comfort.
有这么多人支持,这是极大的安慰。
动名词完成式的被动语态
Do you remember having been sent suchaletter?
你记得曾经给你寄过这样一封信吗?
The building showed no sign of having been destroyed.
这座建筑物没有丝毫已经受损的迹象。
He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.
他为下棋从未被击败而自豪。
⑷动名词的否定式:其否定形式是在doing前加上not
I am sorry for not being able to come earlier.
对不起,没能早些来。
He didn’t mind not having been invited.
没邀请他,他并不介意。
What surprised us was the boy’s not being allowed to see his mother.
使我们意外的是不允许这孩子见他母亲。
It happened in spite of my not wanting it to happen.
这事还是发生了,尽管我不希望它发生。
I was displeased at his not going away.
他不走我不高兴。
What worried him most was their not going there.
最使他担心的是,他们没有上那儿去。
3.分词(participle)
分词的概述:英语中的分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。二者在句中都可以做表语,定语,状语,宾语补足语,和主语补足语。
1)分词的用法
⑴分词做表语
现在分词做表语表示主语的特征,描述事物本身;过去分词做表语表示主语的状态或感受。例如:
The film is very interesting.
这部电影很有趣。
We are very interested in the film.
我们对这部电影很感兴趣。
⑵分词做定语
①现在分词做定语表示被修饰的名词主动发出,正在进行的动作;
过去分词做定语表示被修饰的名词被动接受,已经完成的动作。
例如:
The crying boy is very clever.
那个正在哭的男孩非常聪明。
The spoiled boy is very naughty.
那个被宠惯的男孩很调皮。
②分词做定语的位置
单个分词做定语放在被修饰名词的前面。
Her smiling face makes her look very beautiful.
她微笑的面孔使她看起来非常美丽。
分词短语作定语位于被修饰名词的后面。
The novels written by Qiong Yao are very moved.
琼瑶写的小说很感人。
⑶分词作状语
①分词作状语时,通常放在句首,并且用逗号与主句隔开。同时,分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致,也就是说在确定选择现在分词还是过去分词时,要判断主句主语与分词中心词的关系。如果句子的主语是动词-ing形式所表示的动作的发出者(即表主动或正在进行),分词形式选用现在分词;如果句子的主语是动词-ed形式所表示的动作的承受者时(即表被动或完成),分词形式选用过去分词。例如:
Seeing the book falling from the desk, I picked it up immediately.
我看见书从桌子上掉下来,立即捡起来。
Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.
从山上看这个公园是非常的美丽。
②分词作状语时其逻辑主语与主句主语应保持一致,但当分词逻辑主语与主语不一致时,分词要有自己独立的逻辑主语,也叫分词的独立主格结构。此时分词形式的选择取决于名词/代词与v-ing/v-ed形式所表示动作的逻辑关系,如果它们之间表示主动或分词动作正在进行,选择现在分词,如果它们之间表示被动或完成,选择过去分词。
名词/代词+动词-ing例:
Autumn coming on, the trees turned yellow..
秋天来了,树叶变黄了。
名词/代词+动词-ed
例:The work done, they felt released.他们完成了工作,都松了一口气。
with/without+名词/代词+动词-ing/-ed
例:
My hometown looks beautiful with the flowers coming out.
当花儿开放的时候,我的家乡看起来很漂亮。The battle was over without a shot being fired.
战争结束了,没有费一枪一炮。
③分词做状语,表示时间、原因、结果、方式。
现在分词做状语,表示句子主语主动发出,正在进行的动作。
过去分词做状语,表示句中主语被动接受,已经完成的动作。
A.表时间
Hearing the good news, we all jumped with joy.
听到这个好消息,我们高兴地跳起来。
looked from space, our earth looks very small.
从天空上看地球,看起来很小。
B.表原因。
Knowing the result of the match, he gave it up.
他知道了这场比赛的结果,就放弃了这场比赛。
Often criticized by his father, the boy become upset.
这个男孩经常受到他的父亲的批评,变得很沮丧。
C.表结果
It snowed heavily, causing severe traffic problem in that country.
雪下得很大,导致了那个地区严重的交通问题。
The girl met with an accident when crossing the road, wounded in the head.
那个女孩过马路时出了事故, 头部受了伤。
D.表示方式或伴随动作
He stood there, trembling from time to time.
他站在那里,不时的发抖。
The patient got off the bed, supported by the nurse.
那个病人在护士的搀扶下下了床。
E.表示条件
Being intelligent and diligent, he will surely succeed in the final exam.
既聪明又勤奋,在这次期末考试中他肯定会取得好成绩。
Some medicines, if wrongly taken, can kill a person.
当误服时, 有些药可以要人命。
F.表示让步
Catching a seriously cold, she still went to work.
虽然得了重感冒,她仍然坚持去工作。
Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in overcoming the difficulties.
尽管受到了父母的鼓励, 他仍然没有信心克服困难。
⑷作宾语补足语
分词作宾语补足语补充说明宾语发生的动作和存在和状态。
现在分词作语补足语,表示句子主语主动发出,正在进行的动作。
过去分词作语补足语,表示句中主语被动接受,已经完成的动作。
①感官动词see, watch, notice, find, observe, catch, hear, feel等后面作宾补。如:
He saw a thief stealing a wallet from a lady’s handbag.
她看见一个小偷正在偷一位女士的钱包。
He saw the wounded man carried into the hospital.
她看到那个受伤的男人被抬进了医院。
注:非谓语动词用在感官动词后作宾补的区别:不定式(不带to)常表示动作已结束,强调动作的全过程;现在分词表示正在进行的动作,强调当时的情景,为部分过程;过去分词与宾语之间为被动关系或表示动作已完成。
②用在使役动词have, make, get, keep, leave等后面作宾补。如:
I keep working in order to finish ahead of time.
我不停地工作目的是提前完成。
He managed to get the task finished on time.
他设法按时完成了任务。
注:
在“have+宾语+宾补”结构中,充当宾补的有do,doing和 done。do表示主动,动作可能发生;doing表示主动,动作在持续;have sth. done请别人来做某事或遭遇到某情况。
在“make+宾语+宾补”结构中用do或done而不用doing作宾补。
“keep/leave+宾语+宾补”,宾补由过去分词、现在分词等充当。
作主语补足语
分词作主语补足语补充说明主语发生的动作和存在和状态。
现在分词作主语补足语,表示主语主动发出,正在进行的动作。
过去分词作主语补足语,表示主语被动接受,已经完成的动作。
例如:
A drunken person was seen singing madly in the street.
一个喝醉的人被发现在街上发疯似的唱歌。
A stolen bike was found hidden in the old warehouse.
一辆被偷的自行车被发现藏在旧仓库里。
2)分词的时态和语态
因为分词具有动词的特征,所以分词本身也有时态和语态之分。分词的时态分为现在时和完成时。
⑴分词的现在时表示分词的动作和谓语动词同时。
分词的现在时:主动语态 doing; 被动语态 done
Cleaning my bedroom, I find my lost pen.
在打扫卧室的时候,我发现了我丢失的笔。
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.
听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。
⑵分词的完成时表示分词的动作在谓语动词之前。
完成时的:主动语态having done; 被动语态 having been done
Having finished my job, I went to home.
完成工作之后,我就回家了。
Having been burned at night, the building can’t permit people to enter.
这个建筑物在夜里着火之后,就不允许人进入了。
4.非谓语动词用法辨析
1)非谓语动词在句中的成分
不定式几乎可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分,动名词起名词的作用。现在分词和过去分词起形容词和副词的作用。
意义特征 :名词特征 形容词特征 副词特征
语法特征:主语 宾语 同位语 表语 宾语补语 表语 定语 状语
2)非谓语动词在同一成分中用法的辨析
⑴做主语:-般来说,不定式和动名词成分相同时,表示客观性、一般性行为为多用动名词表示,而表示一次性、具体性行为则多用不定式。
Looking after children is her job.
照看小孩就是她的工作。
To clean the road is her job.
打扫马路就是她的工作。
⑵做宾语:
I like climbing the mountain, but I don't like to climb today because the weather is not good.
我喜欢爬山,但是我今天不想爬山,因为天气不好。
①有些动词只能接不定式做宾语,这些动词接上不定式,含有明显的主观性和将来性意义。如:help,hope,ask,refuse,decide,promise,wish,pretend,expect,arrange,learn,plan,demand,dare,manage,agree,prepare,fail,determine,offer,choose,desire,elect,long,(happen,seem),等等。
He refused to answer the question in the public.
他不愿意在公众面前回答这个问题。
He desired to see you.
他很想见你。
②有些动词只接动名词做宾语,这些动词接上动名词,含有明显的"依据往事或经验来作出理解和判断"的意思。mind,finish,enjoy,suggest,permit,appreciate,consider,miss,dislike,keep(on),avoid,permit,imagine,risk,escape,admit,stand(忍受),allow,forbid,excuse,等等。
短语动词:give up,put off,look forward to,feel like,insist on,object to,prevent…from,set about,can't help,be/get used to等
短语:be worth doing,be no good doing,be no use doing,be busy doing等
The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.
这位母亲同意让这个男孩子试着游泳穿过河流。
She can't stand having nothing to do at home.
她不能忍受在家里什么也不干。
His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give up smoking.
他的妻子不允许他在家里抽烟,还经常劝他戒烟。
All the family insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.
这家人坚持让我再待几天。
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
我盼望着收到你的信。
She doesn't feel like eating anything,being ill for a few days.
她病了好几天了,不想吃任何东西。
③有些动词后面既可接不定式,又可接动名词,其意义基本相同,区别不大。如;like,love,hate,delay,continue,attempt(企图),afford(提供),prefer.omit(省略),begin,start.
I prefer staying (to stay) at home on holidays. 我喜欢节假日待在家。
注意:begin和start本身为进行时,或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时,须接不定式。
When we came in, they were beginning to have lunch.
当我们进来的时候,他们正准备吃午饭。
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
在听了他的解释后,我开始认识的我错了。
④有些词后面既可以接不定式.亦可接动名词,但其意义有很大区别,须特别注意:
A. remember,forget,regret接动名词,表示完成意义(=having done),接不定式,表示将来意义:
Please remember to bring me the book I want next time.
请记着下次把书给我带来。
I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
我记着以前在哪里见过她。
Don't forget to write to me soon.
不要忘了以后给我写信。
I never forget visiting (=having visited) them for the first time.
我不会忘记第一次拜访他的情形。
I regret missing that good football match last week.
我后悔错过了上周的足球赛。
I regret not taking (not having taken) your advice.
我后悔没有采纳你的建议。
I regret to say I can't take your advice. (遗憾=be sorry)
我遗憾地说我将不能采纳你的建议。
B. mean:mean to do=want to do打算,想要……;mean doing:意味着,就是
I am sorry, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings.
对不起,我不想伤害你的感情。
I meant to call on you, but I was so busy.
我本打算给你打电话,但是我很忙。
Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.
学习外语不是意味着只在课堂上练习。
C. stop:stop to do停下来,要干另一件事,不定式作目的状语;stop doing停止干……,动名词作宾语。
After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.
过了一段时间后,他们停止走路,进行休息。
After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.
在走了一段时间后,他们停了下来开始休息。
D.try:try to do,努力,试图干……事;try doing:试着干……事
He searched everywhere and tried to find his ring.
他到处搜索,为了找到他的戒指。
He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.
他从农村来到城市,就是为了要找个工作。
The mother is out and the boy had to try cooking for himself.
母亲出去了,小男孩不得不自己试着做饭。
E.want,need,require接动名词表示被动意义,表示"需要、该……";接不定式,表示"想,要干……"
The room wants cleaning.
这个房间需要打扫。
The bike requires repairing.
这个自行车需要修理。
These young trees require looking after.
这些小树需要被爱护。
The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over)。
这个问题需要考虑。
You don't need to leave so early.
你不必离开这么早。
F.go on:go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事,不定式作目的状语。
go on doing继续干原来同一件事,动名词作宾语。
After a rest,he went on telling us that interesting story.
休息后,他继续给我们讲有趣的故事。
After writing his English composition he went on to work out his maths problems.
在写完英文作文后,他又开始做数学题。
G.动词advise,allow,permit,forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词,接复合宾语时用动词不定式。
Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health.
医生建议戒烟有益于健康。
She doesn't allow (permit)anyone to smoke in her office.
她不允许任何人在办公室抽烟。
Parking is for bidden here.=Any cars not permitted to park here.
这里不允许停车。
⑶做宾补:
不定式可以表示一次性、具体性行为,以及将来意义的行为。现在分词可以表示当时正在发生的进行意义的行为,亦可表示-个持续时间的延续性的行为动作。过去分词可以表示完成意义的行为或状态,及物动词的过去分词亦有被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词仍是主动意义。
When I came in, I saw her singing happily.
当我进来的时候,我看见她正在快乐的唱歌。
I often hear her sing popular songs in her room.
我经常听她唱流行歌曲。
They had the lights burning all night long.
他们让灯亮了一整夜。
I saw Li lei pass by and enter the next room just now.
我刚才看见李磊经过,进入另外一个房间。
The father will have the doctor examine her tooth again.
父亲又让医生再次检查他的牙齿。
Tomorrow I'll have my hair cut.
明天我就去理发。
When he returned to their hometown, after an absence of twenty years, he found everything changed.
当他返回家乡时,离开了二十年后,他发现一切都变了。
⑷做表语:
不定式和动名词做表语解释主语内容,且可以和主语颠倒,意思仍然通顺,回答what的问题。它们有时存在经常性和一次性行为的区别,分词做表语表明主语的性质、特征和状态,不能和主语颠倒,可以回答how的问题。
Her job is cleaning the street.
她的工作是打扫大街。
Our job today is to clean the office.
我们今天的工作就是打扫办公室。
The good news is very exciting.
这个好消息令人很兴奋。
They are very tired after a long walk.
走了一段后,他们觉得非常累。
The door is locked now.
门现在锁了。
The children are well dressed these days.
这些天孩子们穿得很好。
⑸做定语:
不定式做定语与先行词有动宾、主谓和解释先行词内容等关系。在时态上常是将来意义,现在分词做定语是现在时或进行时态意义;过去分词做定语则是完成时态意义。此外,不定式做定语时只能后置,不可前置,而单个分词做定语可前置,分词短语做定语则须后置。动名词做定语,须前置,且要重读,它表明先行词的用途。而分词做定语表明先行词的性质、特征和状态。
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming
游泳池
the boiling water=the water that is boiling
沸腾的水
Today I have a letter to send.
今天我有封信要寄。
It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.
这是个练习口语的好机会。
I like reading books written by Lu Xun.
我喜欢看鲁迅先生的书。
The building to be built next year will be our new office .
明年将建立的大楼将是我们的新办公室。
The house built last year is our new library now.
去年建立的房子是我们现在的新图书馆。
⑹做状语:
不定式和分词做状语各有不同分工。动词不定式多做目的、结果和原因状语,且多放在句末;分词可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式状语,多置于句首,做伴随状语,多放在后面。单独的动名词不能做状语,在介词后形成介词短语,从而做状语。
①目的状语:通常有不定式表示,由于不定式的客观性和将来性特征。不定式前还可加上in order,so as来加强说话的口气。但so as to通常不用于句首。
The Greens have gone to New York to spend their holidays.
格林一家去纽约度假。
I came here (in order/so as) to hear the report.
我来这里是为了听报告。
②时间状语:分词作时间状语相当于时间状语从句。现在分词作时间状语一般位于句首,表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生,有时现在分词前可以加上时间连词。如果分词动作发生在谓语动词之前,用现在分词的完成体形式。过去分词作时间状语与谓语动词构成同时性和被动意义。分词前有时加上时间连词。
Arriving (=When he arrived) at the bus stop, he found his friends there.
他到达车站的时候,发现他的朋友也在那里。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for an examination.
我们已经做好了充分的准备迎接考试。
After finishing his homework, he went to bed.
完成作业后,他就休息了。
Seen from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
从山上看这个小镇很漂亮。
When asked to act, he said he was glad to do so.
当他被叫表演时,他说很乐意。
③原因状语:不定式作原因状语往往用于形容词之后,这些形容词通常是happy, sorry, fortunate, angry, glad, ashamed, discouraged, delighted, frightened, shocked等。分词作原因状语相当于原因状语从句。一般位于句首。
I am sorry to hear that you don’t pass the exam.
听到你没有通过考试的消息我很难过。
I'm very sorry to have kept you waiting so long.
很抱歉让你等这么久。
There being no enough money, he couldn't buy the car that he wanted.
由于没有足够的钱,他不能买他想要的车。
④条件状语:通常用分词来表示,相当于条件状语从句。一般位于句首。
Turning (=If you turn) to the right,you will see the bank.
向右转,你就会看见银行。
United (=If we are united), we stand; divided (=if we are divided), we fall.
团结,我们就会自立;分裂,我们就会失败。
Given (=If he had been given) more time, he would be able to do better.
如果给较多的时间,他就会做到更好。
⑤结果状语从句:不定式作结果状语通常用于so+形容词或副词+as to,such+名词+as to,too…to,enough to和only to等结构。
现在分词作结果状语表示谓语动词的结果。
He arrived late to find the train gone.
他到达地晚了结果发现火车离开了。
Its is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy。
那是个悲伤地故事,引起了我们的同情。
The man died young, leaving nothing but debt.
这人死的时候很年轻,什么也没留下除了债务。
⑥让步状语:通常有过去分词来表示,而且前面通常有表示让步意义的though。
Though wounded, the soldier managed to get to the village safely.
虽然受伤了,这个士兵设法到达安全的村庄。
⑦伴随或方式状语:分词作伴随状语通常位于句尾,表示谓语动词正在所处主动或被动的状态。
They walked along the streets, talking and laughing.
他们走在大街上,谈着笑着。
He went into the house, followed by some children.
他进入房间,后面跟着几个孩子。
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