中非关系与中国对非政策

2008年3月31日，华盛顿

China-Africa Relations and China’s Policy toward Africa

Speech at Seminar on China-Africa Relations at Howard University Washington，D.C.，March 31，2008

场景再现

霍华德大学（Howard University）是美首都华盛顿的一所私立大学，在美国会批准下于1867年成立，校名源自美南北战争联邦将军奥利佛·霍华德。霍华德大学是一所历史悠久的黑人大学，其授予非裔美国人哲学博士学位的数量为全美第一。霍华德大学下设12所学院。

2011年1月19日，美国总统奥巴马的夫人米歇尔到霍华德大学演讲，她对胡锦涛主席正在对美国进行的国事访问表示欢迎。她说，这样的访问为加强两国和两国领导人之间的联系和相互了解提供了一个重要机会，加强联系不限于政府或首脑之间，也包括两国人民，特别是年轻人之间。近年来，赴中国留学的美国学生人数大幅增加，目前中美两国交换学生人数超过了美国与其他任何国家交换学生的数量。

霍华德大学邀请我就中非关系发表演讲表明了该校非裔师生对非洲问题的关心。

演讲文稿

女士们、先生们：

非常高兴出席美霍华德大学举办的中非关系研讨会。我愿借此机会向大家介绍中非关系和中国对非政策有关情况。

近年来，非洲总体形势继续朝着积极方向发展。非洲国家大力推进政经改革，加快区域合作和一体化进程，广泛开展国际合作，努力融入国际经济体系。非洲经济已连续12年保持3%以上的增长，部分国家实现了持续较快增长。非洲联盟以及次区域组织为推动解决热点问题和局部冲突、维护非洲和平与稳定发挥了重要作用（1）。

同时也应看到，非洲的和平与安全形势还比较脆弱。非洲经济亟待解决“有增长少发展”的瓶颈问题，卫生、教育等社会事业发展还很滞后，非洲实现“千年发展目标”面临严峻挑战。

Ladies and Gentlemen，

It is a great pleasure to attend this seminar on China-Africa relations hosted by Howard University.I would like to take this opportunity to share with you some information about China-Africa relations and China’s policy toward Africa.

The recent years have witnessed the evolution of the overall situation in Africa in a positive direction.African countries are vigorously promoting political and economic reforms，accelerating regional cooperation and integration，and conducting extensive international cooperation.They are making great efforts to integrate into the global economic system.The African economy has maintained a growth rate of over 3% for 12 consecutive years.Some countries have realized sustained and relatively fast economic growth.The African Union and other sub-regional organizations are playing an important role in resolving hotspot issues and local conflicts，and in maintaining peace and stability in Africa（1）.

However，peace and security in Africa remain fragile.“Growth without development” is a bottleneck for the African economy that calls for urgent solution.Health，education and other social programs still lag behind.Africa faces grave challenges in realizing the Millennium Development Goals.

当前，国际社会普遍关注非洲的和平与发展，重视非洲的广阔市场、在世界能源格局中的重要性和在国际事务中的集体作用，不断加大对非洲的帮助和投入，减免非洲债务。非洲国际地位有所提高，正面临加快发展的良好机遇。非洲国家只要坚持不懈地努力，充分发挥自身优势，有效利用国际帮助，就一定会有良好的发展前景。

非洲是国际社会的一支重要力量，世界的和平与繁荣离不开非洲的稳定和发展。加强同非洲国家的团结与合作始终是中国独立自主和平外交政策的重要组成部分。

The good news is that the international community is paying more attention to achieving peace and development in Africa.There is increased emphasis on Africa’s huge market potential，significance in energy security and collective role in international affairs.More assistance and investment are going to Africa and more efforts are being made in debt relief.Africa’s international status has increased and the continent is presented with a good opportunity to speed up its development.As long as the countries of this continent continue to work hard，bring into full play their strength and make effective use of international assistance，Africa will have a promising future.

Africa is an important force in the international community.Without stability and development in Africa，there could be no peace or prosperity in the world.To strengthen unity and cooperation with the African countries is always an important part of China’s independent foreign policy of peace.

中非有着相似的历史遭遇，在争取民族解放的斗争中始终相互同情、相互支持，结下了深厚的友谊（2）。近年来，中非关系在传统友谊基础上取得了新的发展，特别是2006年中非合作论坛北京峰会成功召开，中国政府宣布旨在加强中非务实合作、促进非洲自主发展能力的8项政策措施，包括扩大对非援助、免债、免关税、提供优贷、设立中非发展基金、培训人才、援建医院学校和设立疟疾防治中心、农业技术示范中心等，受到了非洲国家高度评价和国际社会广泛欢迎，中非关系发展进入了一个新阶段。

政治上，中非高层交往频繁，政治互信进一步加强。去年，胡锦涛主席访问了非洲8国，这是胡主席作为中国国家主席第三次访非。5位非洲国家元首访华，中非100多位部长级官员互访，中非外长在去年联大期间举行首次政治磋商，启动中非外长级定期政治对话机制。中国政府首次设立中国政府非洲事务特别代表，积极推动苏丹达尔富尔等热点问题的解决。

Having similar historical experience，China and Africa have all along sympathized with and supported each other，and forged a profound friendship in the struggle for national liberation（2）.In recent years，China and Africa have added new dimensions to their traditional friendship.It is particularly noteworthy that at the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation （FOCAC） successfully held in Beijing in 2006，the Chinese Government announced eight policy measures to enhance China-Africa practical cooperation and Africa’s capacity of selfinitiated development，including increased assistance to Africa，debt cancellation，tariff-free treatment，concessional loans as well as setting up a China-Africa Development Fund，training professionals and building hospitals and schools，malaria prevention and treatment centers，and agricultural technology demonstration centers.These initiatives are well received in Africa and the entire international community.China-Africa relationship has entered a new phase.

In the political area，there are frequent exchanges between China and Africa at the high levels and political mutual trust has been further enhanced.Last year，President Hu Jintao visited eight African countries，his third visit to Africa as China’s head of state，five African heads of state visited China and more than 100 cabinet ministers from China and African countries exchanged visits.Chinese and African foreign ministers held the first political consultation during last year’s session of the UN General Assembly，thus launching the regular China-Africa foreign ministers political dialogue mechanism.The Chinese Government has appointed its first special representative on African affairs and is working vigorously to help settle the Darfur and other issues in Africa.

在经贸和社会发展领域，中非双方以落实北京峰会成果为核心，全面推进互利务实合作。去年中非贸易额达733.1亿美元，同比增长32.2%。中非企业合作热情高涨，500多名中非企业家参加了去年在埃及召开的中非企业合作大会。去年，中方成功承办非洲开发银行上海年会，金融合作成为中非经贸合作的新亮点。此外，中非在农业、教育、医疗卫生、人力资源开发、航空航天等领域的合作进展顺利。

In the areas of business cooperation and social development，China and Africa are pushing forward mutually beneficial and practical cooperation on all fronts through implementing the agreements of the Beijing Summit of FOCAC.Last year，China-Africa trade amounted to 73.31 billion US dollars，an increase of 32.2% over the previous year.Chinese and African business communities are enthusiastic about their cooperation.Last year，more than 500 Chinese and African entrepreneurs attended a China-Africa business cooperation conference held in Egypt.China hosted the annual board meetings of the African Development Bank in Shanghai last year，making financial cooperation a new highlight in China-Africa business cooperation.In addition，the two sides are working successfully together in agriculture，education，medical and health services，human resources development，aviation and space programs.

自2006年底以来，落实北京峰会成果已取得阶段性进展。中国向48个非洲国家提供了新的双边援助，与19个非洲国家签署优惠贷款框架协议；与32个非洲重债穷国和最不发达国家签署免债议定书，对27个非洲最不发达国家466个税目输华商品实施零关税待遇；中国承诺援建的非洲联盟会议中心已奠基，计划年内开工；中非发展基金顺利启动并已向首批项目注资；中国已为非洲国家培训各类人员5900多人，派遣了81名青年志愿者，向非洲国家提供了近2700个政府奖学金名额，同38个非洲国家就援助81所农村学校签署了换文；向疟疾疫情较重的非洲国家提供抗疟药品工作已经开始。中国为非洲国家援建医院、设立疟疾防治中心和农业技术示范中心的准备工作在紧锣密鼓进行。

在国际事务中，中非双方继续保持密切沟通和合作。中国在联合国等重要国际场合一如既往地支持非洲的合理主张，积极呼吁国际社会关注和促进非洲发展。非洲国家也在台湾、西藏问题和许多重大国际问题上给予中国宝贵支持。

Since the end of 2006，China has made important progress in implementing the agreements of the Beijing Summit of FOCAC.We have provided new assistance to 48 African countries through bilateral channels and entered into framework agreements on concessional loans with 19 African countries.We have signed protocols on debt write-offs with 32 heavily indebted poor countries（HIPCs） and the least developed countries （LDCs） and provided zerotariff treatment to 466 categories of commodities from 27 LDCs in Africa.The cornerstone has been laid for the AU conference center，which China has pledged to build for Africa，and construction is scheduled to start within this year.The China-Africa Development Fund has been launched successfully and has begun to finance the first projects.We have trained more than 5,900 professionals for African countries，sent 81 young Chinese volunteers，provided nearly 2,700 government scholarships and signed agreements with 38 countries on building 81 rural schools in Africa.We have started to provide anti-malaria drugs to African countries that are seriously affected by the disease.Preparations are in full swing for the hospital，malaria prevention and treatment center and agricultural technology demonstration center projects.

In the international affairs，China and Africa continue to have close contact and cooperation.In the United Nations and at other important international forums，China always supports the legitimate stance of Africa and actively calls on the international community to pay attention to and promote Africa’s development.The African countries also give China their valuable support on Taiwan，Tibet and many major international issues.

2006年1月，中国政府发表了首份《中国对非洲政策文件》，全面规划了新时期加强中非友好合作的发展方向和重点领域，提出建立和发展政治上平等互信、经济上合作共赢、文化上交流互鉴的中非新型战略伙伴关系（3）。

在发展对非关系中，中方始终遵循以下原则：

第一，真诚友好，平等相待。中国坚持和平共处五项原则，尊重和支持非洲自主选择发展道路、谋求联合自强的努力。

第二，互利互惠，共同发展。中国坚持向非洲提供力所能及的援助，在经济和社会发展领域开展形式多样的合作。

第三，相互支持，密切配合。中国不断加强与非洲国家在联合国及多边事务中的合作，支持彼此的合理主张和正当要求，推动国际社会关心和帮助非洲。

第四，相互学习，共谋发展。中国支持非洲加强民主法治建设和实施良好治理，双方就治国理政、发展经济保持着有益的沟通与交流。

In January 2006，the Chinese government issued its first White Paper on China’s Policy toward Africa.This document outlines the complete plan on the orientation and priorities for China-Africa friendship and cooperation in the new historical period，and proposes that China establish and develop a new type of strategic partnership with Africa，a partnership that features political equality and mutual trust，win-win economic cooperation，and cultural exchanges and mutual learning（3）.

In developing relations with Africa，we always abide by the following principles.

First，sincerity，friendship and equality.China adheres to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and respects and supports African countries’independent choice of the road of development and their efforts to seek strength through unity.

Second，mutual benefit，reciprocity and common prosperity.Over the years，China has provided assistance to African countries to the best of its ability and carried out cooperation with Africa in various forms in the economic and social fields.

Third，mutual support and close coordination.China and African countries continue to strengthen cooperation in the United Nations and on multilateral issues by supporting each other’s just demand and reasonable propositions.China continues to appeal to the international community to give more attention and assistance to Africa.

Fourth，mutual learning and common development.China supports Africa’s efforts to enhance democracy，rule of law and good governance.The two sides have maintained useful exchange of views on governance and development.

中国对非政策是一贯的、讲原则的和负责任的，同时，中国对非政策也是公开的、透明的和开放的。

近年来，国际社会对中非关系明显关注，总体予以客观、公正的评价，但也有一些看法和论调与事实不符。对此，我愿强调以下几点：

一是中非关系发展有利于世界和平与繁荣。中国发展对非关系遵循公认的国际关系准则，也与中国在新形势下坚持和平发展道路、推动和谐世界建设的努力一致。中国与非洲发展新型战略伙伴关系不是权宜之计，而是着眼于中非双方的共同利益和世界持久和平、共同繁荣的战略选择（4）。

China’s policy toward Africa is consistent.It is based on principles,and it is a responsible policy.In the meantime,China’s Africa policy is open,transparent and inclusive.

In recent years，the international community has become notably interested in China’s relations with Africa.The comments in general are objective and fair.But there are some perceptions and opinions that do not tally with the fact.Here I would like to stress the following points.

First，China-Africa relationship is conducive to world peace and prosperity.When developing relations with Africa，China observes the universally recognized norms governing international relations and acts in line with its efforts to seek peaceful development and promote the building of a harmonious world.The new type of China-Africa strategic partnership is not an expediency but a strategic choice that is in the interests of both China and Africa and conducive to lasting peace and common prosperity of the world（4）.

二是中非关系是平等互信、互利共赢的。中非合作的宗旨是通过优势互补实现互利共赢和共同发展。平等、互信、合作、共赢是中非关系的突出特点，也是中非关系长盛不衰的根本动力。中国绝不会把不平等的做法甚至殖民奴役强加给非洲国家，所谓“中国在非洲搞新殖民主义”的论调是没有任何事实根据和毫无道理的（5）。事实证明，中非合作深入发展成为推动非洲经济增长的重要动力，受到广大非洲国家和人民的欢迎和肯定。

三是中非关系是开放、透明的，不针对任何第三方。中国在非洲不谋求任何特权和排他性利益，无意同其他国家在非洲争夺所谓“势力范围”。中国不会关起门来同非洲发展关系，更不会损害别国在非洲的利益。中方欢迎国际社会加强对非援助与合作，尊重各方在非洲的利益和关切。

Second，China-Africa relationship is characterized by equality，mutual trust and mutual benefit.The purpose of China-Africa cooperation is to realize mutual benefit and common development by pooling the respective advantages of both sides.Equality，mutual trust，cooperation and win-win results are the defining features of China-Africa relations.They are also the fundamental driving force behind China-African relationship that has remained vibrant for years.China does not impose on the African countries unequal practices，let alone colonial slavery.The allegation that “China is pursuing neocolonialism in Africa” is totally groundless and unjustified（5）.The truth is that deeper China-Africa cooperation has become an important engine for the economic growth in Africa and is widely welcomed and recognized by African countries and peoples.

Third，China-Africa relationship is open，transparent and not targeted at any third party.China does not seek any privilege or exclusive interest in Africa.We have no intention of competing with other countries for the so-called “sphere of influence” on this continent.The development of China-Africa relations is not behind closed doors，nor will it hurt other countries’ interests in Africa.On the contrary，we are supportive of greater assistance and cooperation from the international community，and we respect all the other countries’ interests and concerns in Africa.

中美都是世界上有重要影响的大国，也是非洲的重要合作伙伴。中美在非洲不存在根本利益冲突，相反，在协调对非政策方面有着广泛共识，在发展对非关系方面有着很多利益交汇。中美都致力于促进非洲的和平与稳定，并在推动解决索马里、刚果（金）、科特迪瓦、苏丹达尔富尔等地区热点问题上进行了良好合作。中美与非洲发展关系不是相互对抗、恶性竞争的“零和游戏”。前不久，布什总统访非时公开表达了这一观点，中方对此表示赞赏。

我们认为，今后中美双方应继续本着对中美有利、对非洲有利的原则，以加强沟通、消除误解、增进互信、扩大共识的精神，就非洲事务展开各领域、各层次的交流与对话，探讨在更多领域开展合作。中美可通过联合国安理会等国际安全机制，共同推动非洲热点问题的和平解决；双方应加强在非洲防治艾滋病、疟疾等公共卫生领域的合作，就各自对非援助、债务等问题加强沟通与交流，同时努力在能源安全、农业、基础设施建设等方面拓展合作，共同营造中、美、非三方共赢的格局。我们相信，中美完全可以在非洲事务上成为建设性合作者。

Both China and the United States are big countries with significant influence in the world.Both are important cooperation partners for Africa.We do not have conflicts of fundamental interests in Africa.Quite the opposite，we share many common understandings on coordinating our respective Africa policies，and we have many common interests in developing our respective relations with Africa.We are both committed to peace and stability in Africa and have had good cooperation on Somalia，the Democratic Republic of the Congo，Corte d’Ivoire and Darfur.Africa is not a zero-sum game of confrontation and fierce competition for China and the United States.President Bush made this point in public during his recent visit to Africa.China appreciates his statement.

We believe that China and the United States should，in the interests of our respective countries and in the interests of Africa，continue to step up consultation，remove misunderstanding，enhance mutual trust，expand consensus，and conduct exchanges and dialogues on African affairs at various levels and in various fields，and explore the possibility of cooperation in more areas.China and the United States can work together to move forward the peaceful solution of hotspot issues in Africa through the UN Security Council or other international security mechanisms.The two sides should engage each other in closer cooperation on the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and malaria as well as other public health issues in Africa.We need to have more dialogues and exchanges of views regarding our respective assistance programs and debt policies.We should strive to expand our cooperation in energy security，agriculture and infrastructure，and work together to ensure that China，the United States and Africa all come out as winners.We believe that China and the United States are in the best position to become constructive partners in African affairs.

当前，国际关系正经历复杂深刻的变化，经济全球化深入发展，世界各地区的和平、稳定、发展更加息息相关。中国是最大的发展中国家，非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆，中非关系的发展有利于世界和平、发展和繁荣。我们希望国际社会客观、理性地看待中非关系，我们也愿与包括美国在内的世界各国就非洲问题加强磋商、开展合作。

谢谢大家！

Right now，the international relations are undergoing complex and profound changes.Economic globalization is deepening.Countries and regions are more interconnected on issues concerning peace，stability and development.China is the largest developing country in the world.The African continent is home to the largest number of developing countries.Continued progress in China-Africa relationship is conducive to world peace，development and prosperity.We hope that the international community will take an objective and sensible view of China-Africa relations.We are ready to strengthen consultation and cooperation in African affairs with all the countries of the world，the United States included.

Thank you!

咬文嚼字

1.非洲联盟以及次区域组织为推动解决热点问题和局部冲突、维护非洲和平与稳定发挥了重要作用。

The African Union and other sub-regional organizations are playing an important role in resolving hotspot issues and local conflicts，and in maintaining peace and stability in Africa.

实用句型

非洲联盟以及次区域组织为……发挥了重要作用。

The African Union and other sub-regional organizations are playing an important role in ...

实用词汇

你的请求与我的职责相抵触。

Your request conflicts with my duties.

他们学习通过讨论而不是暴力行动来解决彼此之间的矛盾冲突。

They learn to solve their conflicts through discussion instead of violence.

尽管世界形势的主流是和平，但是地区冲突从来就没有停止过。

Peace is the dominant feature of the world’s situation，yet local conflicts never stop.

2.中非有着相似的历史遭遇，在争取民族解放的斗争中始终相互同情、相互支持，结下了深厚的友谊。

Having similar historical experience，China and Africa have all along sympathized with and supported each other，and forged a profound friendship in the struggle for national liberation.

实用句型

中非有着相似的历史遭遇，在……的斗争中……结下了深厚的友谊。

Having similar historical experience，China and Africa have ...forged a profound friendship in the struggle for ...

实用词汇

她全家都支持她当律师的愿望。

Her family sympathized with her desire to be a lawyer.

她对他的态度深表同情和尊敬。

She sympathized with and respected him for his stand.

特别值得一提的是，两国在各自遭受自然灾害袭击时，感同身受、相互支持。

It is particularly worth mentioning that the two countries sympathized with and supported each other in times of natural disasters.

3.2006年1月，中国政府发表了首份《中国对非洲政策文件》，全面规划了新时期加强中非友好合作的发展方向和重点领域，提出建立和发展政治上平等互信、经济上合作共赢、文化上交流互鉴的中非新型战略伙伴关系。

In January 2006，the Chinese government issued its first White Paper on China’s Policy toward Africa.This document outlines the complete plan on the orientation and priorities for China-Africa friendship and cooperation in the new historical period，and proposes that China establish and develop a new type of strategic partnership with Africa，a partnership that features political equality and mutual trust，win-win economic cooperation，and cultural exchanges and mutual learning.

实用句型

2006年1月，中国政府发表了首份……全面规划了……提出……

In January 2006，the Chinese Government issued its first White Paper on …This document outlines …，and proposes that…

实用词汇

蜿蜒的小径使徒步旅行者迷失了方向。

The winding trail caused the hikers to lose their orientation.

小孩子上学时需要适应。

Children need some orientation when they go to school.

她的职场新人培训从人事经理的办公室开始。

Her orientation begins in the office of personnel manager.

4.中国与非洲发展新型战略伙伴关系不是权宜之计，而是着眼于中非双方的共同利益和世界持久和平、共同繁荣的战略选择。

The new type of China-Africa strategic partnership is not an expediency but a strategic choice that is in the interests of both China and Africa and conducive to lasting peace and common prosperity of the world.

实用句型

中国与非洲发展新型战略伙伴关系不是权宜之计，而是……的战略选择。

The new type of China-Africa strategic partnership is not an expediency but a strategic choice that ...

实用词汇

原则和权宜之计之间总是矛盾重重。

There will always be tensions between principle and expediency.

其他人视其为权宜对于原则的胜利。

Others see it as the triumph of expediency over principle.

为了方便起见，将你加入的食材切成小片，从而很快煮熟并且入味。

For expediency’s sake，whatever you are going to add，chop it into small pieces so it cooks faster and also helps blend the tastes.

5.中国绝不会把不平等的做法甚至殖民奴役强加给非洲国家，所谓“中国在非洲搞新殖民主义”的论调是没有任何事实根据和毫无道理的。

China does not impose on the African countries any unequal practices，let alone colonial slavery.The allegation that “China is pursuing neo-colonialism in Africa” is totally groundless and unjustified.

实用句型

中国绝不会把……的做法甚至……强加给非洲国家，所谓……的论调是没有任何事实根据和毫无道理的。

China does not impose on the African countries any ...let alone ...

The allegation that ...is totally groundless and unjustified.

实用词汇

父母不应该将自己的喜好强加给孩子。

Parents should not impose their own tastes on their children.

他们可以对进口商品征税，实行配额。

They can impose tariffs and quotas on imported items.

你们不应该欺负他老实。

You shouldn’t impose on his good nature.