葡萄种质资源的抗寒性研究

葡萄种质资源的抗寒性研究

STUDIES ON COLD RESISTANCE OF GRAPE RESOURCES

作者：吴行昶　　导师：张剑侠

西北农林科技大学　　果树学2011届硕士

摘　要

本研究通过人工低温胁迫的方法，测定了中国野生葡萄18个种或变种64个株系、美洲野生葡萄7个种9个株系、欧洲葡萄2个品种（对照）及13个美洲杂种一年生休眠枝的冻害指数、相对电导率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、丙二醛（MDA）和游离脯氨酸含量的变化，经对各项指标进行相关性和主成分分析，采用隶属函数法综合评价了这些资源的抗寒性，同时初步探索了美洲杂种的抗寒机理。此外，测定了3个种间杂交组合的　株F₁代和1个自交组合的8株后代共131株杂种的冻害指数、相对电导率和可溶性糖含量的变化，采用隶属函数法综合评价了它们的抗寒性。具体研究结果如下：

1.　在中国葡萄属野生种中，山葡萄和燕山葡萄的平均隶属度在0.72以上，属于抗寒性极强的类型；蘡薁葡萄的平均隶属度为0.60，属于抗寒性强的类型；华东葡萄、毛葡萄、复叶葡萄、菱叶葡萄和桑叶葡萄的平均隶属度分布在0.42～0.57之间，属于中等抗寒的类型；秋葡萄、刺葡萄、变叶葡萄、麦黄葡萄和小复叶葡萄的平均隶属度分布在0.30～0.39之间，属于低抗寒的类型。秦岭葡萄、瘤枝葡萄、网脉葡萄、麦黄复叶葡萄和裂叶刺葡萄的平均隶属度分布在0.21～0.29之间，属于抗寒性差的类型。

2.　所鉴定的美洲野生葡萄资源平均隶属度介于0.64～0.86之间，均属于抗寒性强的类型。其中，抗寒性最强的为河岸葡萄的河岸-2，抗寒性最差的为甜冬葡萄。

3.　13个美洲杂种的平均隶属度介于0.42～0.72之间，属于抗寒性强的类型。低温胁迫下，美洲杂种的电解质渗出率和MDA含量变化与抗寒性呈负相关；而可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸的含量变化与抗寒性呈正相关。

4.　玫瑰香×黑龙江实生、红地球×双优两个组合杂交后代的抗寒性介于双亲之间，虽然抗寒性表现出分离，但不存在超亲遗传。北醇的自交后代表现出较强的抗寒性，出现了抗性分离，存在有超亲遗传。燕山-1×河岸-3组合亲本的抗寒性均强，二者杂交的116株后代出现了抗性的分离，存在超亲遗传，超亲遗传倾向于抗寒性弱的方向，但也出现了比双亲抗寒性强的单株。

关键词　葡萄资源　低温逆境　抗寒性　抗寒生理

Abstract

Under cold stress condition of one-year-old branches,the cold hardiness of seventy-three grape resources which included sixty-four accessions of eighteen Chinese wild Vitis species，nine accessions of seven American wild Vitis species，two cultivars of V.vinifera (CK) and thirteen hybrids of American Vitis was identified based on the Cold Index,Relative electric Conductivity,Soluble Sugar,Soluble Protein,MDA and free proline tested by Correlation analysis of indexes，principal components analysis and the method of Subordinate Function (SF). Meanwhile,the cold-tolerance mechanism of the hybrids of American Vitis for Juicing was researched. For the one hundred and twenty-three hybrids of V.vinifera × Chinese wild Vitis species and eight hybrids of Beichun (V.vinifera cv.Muscat Hamburg × V.amurensis ) selfing,the cold hardiness was identified using the method of Subordinate Function (SF) based on the Cold Index,Relative electric Conductivity and Soluble Sugar. The results showed as follows:

1.　There were substantial differences to cold hardiness among of Chinese wild Vitis species and accessions of the same species. The average of subordinative of V. amurensis and V. yeshanensis was more than 0.72，belonging to the most hardiness species. The subordinative of V. adstricta was 0.60，it was the more cold hardiness species. The middle hardiness species were V. pseudoreticulata，V. hancockii，V. piasezkii,V. Ficifolia and V. quinquangularis，whose subordinative were between 0.42 and 0.57. The V. romanetii，V. davidii Foex，V. piasezkii，V. bashanica，V. liubaensis and V. liubaensis were the low hardiness species，and whose subord-inative were between 0.30 and 0.39. The V. davidii ninqiangensis，the V. qinlingensis， the V. davidii.cyanocarpa，the V. wilsonae and the V. baihensis belonging to cold susceptibility species，the subordinative were between 0.21 and 0.29.

2.　All of American wild Vitis species in this paper were more cold hardiness species. He'an-2 of V. ripia is the most resistant accession to the cold hardiness and V. cinerea is the susceptible specie to the cold hardiness. The subordinative were between 0.63 and 0.86.

3.　All of thirteen hybrids of American Vitis were the more cold hardiness cultivars，and the subordinative were between 0.42 and 0.72. Under low temperature,the Relative electric Conductivity and the MDA content changes were negative correlation with the cold hardiness of the grapevines. But Soluble Sugar，Soluble Protein and Free Proline content changes were strong positive correlation with the cold hardiness of the grapevines.

4.　The cold resistance of all the hybrids of Muscat Hamburg×Heilongjiang Seedling and Red Globe×Shuangyou were between their parents,But the Beichun selfing and the hybrids of Yanshan-1×He'an-3 were also appeared genetic separation，a few of them were beyond their parents and the separation to weak hardiness direction,and also have some hybrids stronger than their parents.

Key words　Grape resources　Cold stress　Cold resistance　Physiological characteristic of cold resistance