三、语言输入的量与语言输出的质之间的相关性
超越教材的前提是基于教材,但不少教师在课堂教学中却忽视了学生对文本的阅读理解过程,偏离或舍弃文本的主题与核心内容,过早、过多地补充或拓展课外内容。教材受到了冷落,教学活动失去了其认知的停靠点。
超越教材的前提是基于教材。偏离或冷落教材必将导致学生在语言输入量不足的情况下无法有效地进行高质量的语言输出。
有的教师虽然也在教学设计中遵循了“在读前、读时、读后三阶段中融听、说、读、写等活动于一体,全面促进学生综合语言运用能力的发展”这一原则,但读前、读时、读后三阶段教学活动在时间分配上不平衡,读前的导入预测和读后的拓展评价占据了课堂绝大部分时间,而读时阶段的处理则存在着过程缺省、过程解读不到位、过于简单化的问题,有的甚至仅用4-5个提问而匆匆带过。显然,对一般学生而言,寄希望通过几个问题就理解整篇文章是不现实的,这种处理方式自然已偏离了阅读课型以阅读为主线的基本方向,从而导致学生在语言输入量(信息、观点、语言)不足的情况下无法有效地进行高质量的语言输出,最终也就无法达成“培养学生的阅读策略,培养学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力”这一阅读教学的基本目标。请看以下案例:
【案例4】 这是一堂省优质课。教学内容为一篇题为“Things I wish I had known when I was younger”的哲理性文章。对该文的阅读,执教教师作了以下设计:
Step1:Warming up&Lead-in
1.Free Talk:I wish I had known...
⇨Teacher:I wish I had known the famous writer Adrian Savage when I was younger...
2.Introduction of background information:Something about the writer
3.Elicitation of the topic:“Things I wish I had known when I was younger.”
4.Analysis of the writing purpose:
— Why did the writer write this passage?
— How many suggestions did the writer list?
Step2:Reading
1.Reading comprehension:Read the passage and fill in the blanks according to the context.
A.Trying to please other people is largely a futile activity.
B.The quickest and simplest way to wreck any relationship is to listen to gossip.
C. Following the latest fashion is spiritual and intellectual suicide.
D.If you make your work your life,you're making your life into hard work.
E.However hard you try,you can't avoid being yourself.
①_____ ②_____ ③_____ ④_____
2. Understanding new vocabulary:Read the passage again and match the words with their meanings.
Step3:Discussion:Discuss in groups of four:What touches you most?Give your reasons.
Step4:Writing:Write a passage about what you have learned from the text.(About 100 words.)
The passage does hit me much.__________________
案例4所突显的问题是读时阶段的处理太过简单,太过粗糙,文本解读走形式,偏离了阅读课型以阅读为主线的基本方向。因而,从这两节课最后输出环节中学生的实际表达看,学生在交流中经常出现时断时续、词不达意或泛泛而谈的情况。学生的语言输出基本与本节课目标语无关,没能充分借助和运用阅读材料的文体特点、文本结构、主题思想、重要观点及核心语言等方面进行有效输出。说和写是输出性技能,它需要由输入性技能——听和读作为前提,为此,听和读的材料需要起到实质性的示范作用,真正体现阅读材料所具有的范文功效。(谢萍,2008:29)
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