不定式、动名词和分词都可以作定语,主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义不同。
I have an article to write today. 今天我有一篇文章要写。(可说to write an article)
I want to have a pen to write with. 我想要一支写字用的钢笔。(可说to write with a pen,但不可说to write a pen)
【考例】 There are still many problems_______before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.(2014北京卷)
A. solving
B. solved
C. being solved
D. to be solved
【答案】 D
【解析】 句意为:在我们准备好要在月球上长期居住之前还有很多难题要解决。表示将来的动作要用不定式作定语,又因为问题是被解决,故选择D项。
【考例】 We're having a meeting in half an hour. The decision_______at the meeting will influence the future of our company.(2012重庆卷)
A. to be made
B. being made
C. made
D. having been made
【答案】 A
【解析】 句意为:我们将在半个小时之内举行会议。会议做出的决定将会对我们公司的未来产生影响。从第一句话就可以看出会议尚未举行,所以会议决定也还没有形成。四个选项里,只有动词不定式才可以表示将来,而且因为第二句话主语是decision,故使用动词不定式的被动形式。
【考例】 I have a lot of readings_______before the end of this term.(2010山东卷)
A. completing
B. to complete
C. completed
D. being completed
【答案】 B
【解析】 句意为:这个学期结束前,我要完成很多阅读。由于时间状语before the end of this term表达将来的时间,所以空格处使用动词不定式表示将来意义,充当readings的定语。
The man standing under the tree is his father. 站在树下的那人是他的父亲。(The man who is standing...)
The building being built will be a hospital. 正在修建的那楼房将是一所医院。(The building which is being built...)
【考例】 Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time_______with his students.(2017北京卷)
A. to spend
B. spend
C. spending
D. spent
【答案】 D
【解析】 分析句子结构可知,the happy time与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系,所以使用过去分词短语作定语。
【考例】 In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message_______within the work.(2016江苏卷)
A. to hide
B. hidden
C. hiding
D. being hidden
【答案】 B
【解析】 考查分词作定语。本句中名词短语a secret message与动词hide构成被动关系,所以使用过去分词短语hidden within the work在句中作后置定语,修饰名词短语a secret message,相当于定语从句that is hidden within the work。A、C项表示主动含义,D项强调正在进行,与语境不符,故选B项。
【考例】 The park was full of people_______themselves in the sunshine.(2015北京卷)
A. having enjoyed
B. enjoyed
C. enjoying
D. to enjoy
【答案】 C
【解析】 句意为:这个公园里到处都是在阳光下尽情玩乐的人们。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。非谓语动词enjoy的逻辑主语为people,people与enjoy的动作在逻辑上是主动关系,因此排除B选项;D项to enjoy表示动作尚未发生,由题干可知,这是过去的动作,因此排除D选项;A项having enjoyed为现在分词的完成式,一定要发生在谓语动作之前,根据题意也不符合。故选C项。
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming 或 a pool which is used for swimming.
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