说明文（一）

[学习建议：第11天完成]

作者讲解

Section 1：体裁解读

问：解答说明文的关键是什么？

答：说明文是对事物的特征、用途和原理等进行介绍、解释或说明的一种文体。高考完形填空说明文的主要特点是对提出的主题进行说明和阐述，并不进行正反评判和推理。

解答说明文完形填空题的关键有以下三点：

第一，要弄清楚文章要说明的问题。说明的问题通常会在文章的首段提出。然后下文紧紧围绕着说明的问题展开。

第二，把握文章的说明顺序。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。比如由局部到整体、由现象到本质、由具体到抽象的顺序。把握了文章的说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络。

第三，把握该说明文的类型，常考的类型有三类：

第一类：比较说明文。它是运用比较和对比的方式来分析和说明事物的一种说明文。通过比较相似事物和对比相异事物来说明事物的本质。

第二类：分类说明文。根据复杂事物性质、形状、成因、功能等属性的差别，将其分成若干类，然后依照类别分别进行说明，通过分类说明来加深读者对事物本质的了解。

第三类：因果说明文。通过分析事物的因果关系阐明事物的性质。

总之，弄清说明文的种类和写作特点有助于我们采取不同的阅读策略，从而达到迅速、准确解答题目的目的。

Section 2：真题再现

The first attempt of even the most talented artist, musician, and writers is seldom a masterpiece. If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals（彩排），or tryout, revising will seem a natural part of the writing　1　.

What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through?The answer is addin, deletin, replacin, reorderin, 　2　revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.

文章大意：

内容修改是文学作品创作过程中非常重要且必需的步骤。文章讲述了作品修改的目的和途径。

1. A. technique　B. style　C. process　D. career

2. A. in particular　B. as a result　C. for example　D. in other words

解析：

1. 选项翻译：A. 技术；B. 风格；C. 过程；D. 职业

解题分析：考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。根据下文线索Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process可知，内容修改是写作过程中的一个自然环节，所以正确答案为_____。（答案在Part A部分的最后，下同。）

2. 选项翻译：A. 特别是；B. 结果是；C. 比如；D. 换句话说

解题分析：考查同义并列逻辑。根据上文线索addin, deletin, replacin, reordering可知，这些都可以看作是revising的一部分，所以正确答案为_____。

When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in mind a funn, exciting production. Howeve, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a moving psychological love story set to music. The musical had　3　several revisions du, in par, to problems with costuming and makeup（戏服和化妆）. For instanc, Lloyd Webber　4　some of the music because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds.

When you revis, you change aspects of your work in　5　to your evolving purpos, or to include　6　ideas or newly discovered information.

3. A. undergone　B. skipped　C. rejected　D. replaced

4. A. rewrote　B. released　C. recorded　D. reserved

5. A. addition　B. response　C. opposition　D. contrast

6. A. fixed　B. ambitious　C. familiar　D. fresh

解析：

3. 选项翻译：A. 经历；B. 跳过；C. 拒绝；D. 取代

解题分析：考查原词重现和上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process和下文线索du, in par, to problems with costuming and makeup可知，《歌剧魅影》的剧本在上映之后因为戏服和化妆问题经历了多次修改，所以正确答案为_____。

4. 选项翻译：A. 重写；B. 释放；C. 记录；D. 保留；预订

解题分析：考查同义重现与因果逻辑。根据下文线索because the Phantom's makeup prevented the actor from singing certain sounds可知，因为演员的化妆在某种程度上阻碍了其演唱，所以必须要重新编曲，所以正确答案为_____。

5. 选项翻译：A. 增加；B. 响应；C. 相反；D. 对比

解题分析：考查固定搭配和上下文语义逻辑。作者一般是根据写作目的来修改其作品的，in response to意为“响应；回应”，符合句意，所以正确答案为_____。

6. 选项翻译：A. 固定的；B. 有雄心的；C. 熟悉的；D. 新鲜的

解题分析：考查同义重现。根据下文线索newly discovered information可知，此处是说“新的想法”，所以正确答案为_____。

Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 　7　, it is a major stage of the writing proces, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to　8　topics while prewriting is a type of revising. Howeve, don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows　9　. Always make time to become your own　10　and view your dress rehearsa, so to speak. Reviewing your work in this way can give you　11　new ideas.

7. A. However　B. Moreover　C. Instead　D. Therefore

8. A. discuss　B. switch　C. exhaust　D. cover

9. A. drafting　B. rearranging　C. performing　D. training

10. A. director　B. master　C. audience　D. visitor

11. A. personal　B. valuable　C. basic　D. delicate

解析：

7. 选项翻译：A. 然而；B. 而且；C. 取而代之；D. 因此

解题分析：考查递进逻辑关系。根据前面一句中的not just可知，此处应填表示递进关系的词。此句意为“修改不仅是一件写作完成后要花时间再去做的事情，而且，修改是写作过程中的一个重要步骤。”所以正确答案为_____。

8. 选项翻译：A. 讨论；B. 变换；C. 使筋疲力尽，耗尽；D. 覆盖

解题分析：考查同义重现和全文主题重现。全文的主题就是“作品修改”，而符合此主题的只有选项, 即在写作前变换写作主题也属于作品修改过程的一部分，所以正确答案为_____。

9. 选项翻译：A. 起草；B. 重新安排；C. 演出，表演；D. 培训，训练

解题分析：考查同义重现。本题最好采用代入法，代入后只有performing与下文中的dress rehearsal同义，意思是说在作品上演后也不要忽视对其进行修改，所以正确答案为_____。

10. 选项翻译：A. 导演；B. 大师；C. 观众；D. 来访者

解题分析：考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。根据上文第三段提到的audience可知，本句是说“要把自己看作是自己作品的观众”，所以正确答案为_____。

11. 选项翻译：A. 个人的；B. 有价值的；C. 基本的；D. 精美的

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。本题最好采用代入法，本句意为“做自己作品的观众能让你产生有价值的新想法”，所以正确答案为_____，其他三个选项代入后都与文意不符。

Revising involves　12　the effectiveness and appropriateness of all aspects of your writin, making your purpose more clearl, and refocusing or developing the facts and ideas you present. When you revis, ask yourself the following question, keeping in mind the audience for whom you are writing: Is my main idea or purpose　13　throughout my draft?Do I ever lose sight of my purpose?Have I given my readers all of the　14　that i, fact, opinion, inferences—that they need in order to understand my main idea?Finall, have I included too many　15　details that may confuse readers?

12. A. mixing　B. weakening　C. maintaining　D. assessing

13. A. amazing　B. bright　C. unique　D. clear

14. A. angles　B. evidence　C. information　D. hints

15. A. unnecessary　B. uninteresting　C. concrete　D. final

解析：

12. 选项翻译：A. 混合；B. 使变弱；C. 保持；D. 判断，评估

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。本句意为“修改就是要判断你的作品所有方面的实效性和得体性，更加明确你的写作目的”，所以正确答案为_____。

13. 选项翻译：A. 令人惊讶的；B. 聪明的；C. 独特的；D. 明确的，清晰的

解题分析：考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索making your purpose more clearly可知，要使自己的作品被人理解就要明确写作的意图，所以正确答案为_____。

14. 选项翻译：A. 角度；B. 证据；C. 信息；D. 暗示，提示

解题分析：考查同义重现。根据下文线索that i, fact, opinion, inferences可知，事实、观点和推论等都是文章提供的信息，所以正确答案为_____。

15. 选项翻译：A. 没必要的；B. 无趣的；C. 具体的；D. 最终的

解题分析：根据下文线索details that may confuse readers可知，太多没必要的细节信息会使读者困惑，所以正确答案为_____。

KEY

1-5 CDAAB　6-10 DBBCC　11-15 BDDCA

Section 1：线索定位训练

下面的真题中已将已知线索加粗，主要目标是训练同学们养成寻找已知线索的习惯。

If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meanin, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 　1　, you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people seemed to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.

In modern time, when food is available in grocery store, finding love is more　2　in people's lives. The　3　is all around us. It is easy to prepare a list of modern stories having to do with love. An endless number of books and movies qualify as love stories in popular culture.

Researchers are studying whether lov, a highly valued emotional stat, can be　4　. They as, what is love?Toothpaste companies want us to think attraction is all about clean teet, but clean teeth go only so far. Scientists wonder how much the brain gets involved. You have probably heard that opposites attract but that　5　attrac, too. One thing is certain: The truth about love is not yet set in stone.

First Impression

To help determine the　6　of attractio, researchers paired 164 college classmates and had them talk for 3, 6 or 10 minutes so they could get a sense of each other's individuality. Then students were asked to　7　what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine week, they reported what happened.

As it turned ou, their　8　judgments often held true. Students seemed to　9　at an early stage who would best fit into their lives.

The　10　Knows

Scientists have also turned to nonhumans to increase understanding of attraction. Many animals give off pheromones—natural chemicals that can be detected b, and then can produce a response i, other animals of the same species. Pheromones can signal that an animal is either ready to fight or is feeling　11　to partnerships. In contras, humans do not seem to be as　12　as other animals at detecting such chemicals. Smel, howeve, does seem to play a part in human attraction. Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciousl, we give and receive loads of information through smell in every interaction with other people.

Face Value

Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factor, including seeing something we find attractive. Researchers had people judge faces for　13　. The participants had 0. 013 seconds to view each fac, yet somehow they generally considered the images the same as people who had more time to study the same faces. The way we　14　attractiveness seems to be somewhat automatic.

When shown an attractive face and then words with good or bad association, people responded to　15　words faster after viewing an attractive face. Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking.

1. A. Instead　B. Therefore　C. Moreover　D. Otherwise

2. A. romantic　B. stressful　C. central　D. artificial

3. A. priority　B. proof　C. possibility　D. principle

4. A. tested　B. impressed　C. changed　D. created

5. A. appearances　B. virtues　C. similarities　D. passions

6. A. illustrations　B. implications　C. ingredients　D. intentions

7. A. predict　B. investigate　C. diagnose　D. recall

8. A. critical　B. initial　C. random　D. mature

9. A. memorize　B. distinguish　C. negotiate　D. question

10. A. Nose　B. Eye　C. Heart　D. Hand

11. A. open　B. alert　C. resistant　D. superior

12. A. disappointed　B. amazed　C. confused　D. gifted

13. A. emotion　B. attractiveness　C. individuality　D. signals

14. A. enhance　B. possess　C. maintain　D. assess

15. A. familiar　B. plain　C. positive　D. irritating

Section 2：答案详解

文章大意：古代人和现代人的生活追求不同，古人的生活以捕猎为中心，而现代人的生活则注重追求爱和浪漫。研究人员对爱的本质展开了研究。

1. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 相反；B. 因此；C. 此外；D. 否则

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索you would not detect interest in romance among the artists和下文线索you would see plenty of animals with people running after them可知，前后表达的是不同时代的人的生活追求，体现了一种对比，所以答案为A。

2. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 浪漫的；B. 有压力的；C. 中心的，核心的；D. 人工的

解题分析：考查原词重现。根据上文线索Life for ancient people seemed to center on…和本句的In modern time, finding love is more…in people's lives可知，此处是把古代和现代的情况进行对比，古人的生活以捕猎为中心，现代人的生活更多的是以寻找爱为中心，所以正确答案为C。

3. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 优先；B. 证据；C. 可能性；D. 原则

解题分析：根据下文线索a list of modern stories和An endless number of books and movies可知，现代社会中有很多讲述爱情故事的书籍和电影，这些都可以证明现代人的生活更多的是以寻找爱为中心，所以正确答案为B。

4. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 测试；B. 给人留下印象；C. 改变；D. 创造

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。根据下文线索They as, what is love可知，研究人员想知道什么是爱。代入四个选项，只有“他们研究的是爱能否被创造”符合逻辑，所以正确答案为D。

5. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 外表；B. 美德；C. 相似之处，共同点；D. 激情

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索opposites attract but和空格后的too可知，空格处所填词应该与opposites的意思相反，所以正确答案为C。

6. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 说明；B. 含义；暗示；C. 构成要素；D. 意图，目的

解题分析：考查同义重现。根据最后一段的首句线索Being fond of someone seems to have a number of factor, including seeing something we find attractive可知，研究的目的就是确定吸引力的构成要素，所以正确答案为C。

7. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 预测；B. 调查；C. 诊断；D. 回忆

解题分析：根据下文线索what kind of relationship they were likely to build with their partners. After nine week, they reported what happened可知，此处是说，学生们被要求预测他们在九周后可能会与搭档产生什么样的关系，所以正确答案为A。

8. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 批评的；B. 最初的，原始的；C. 随意的；D. 成熟的

解题分析：根据上文线索As it turned out和下文线索often held true可知，研究结果证明，学生最初的判断往往是正确的，所以正确答案为B。

9. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 记忆；B. 区别，辨别；C. 谈判；D. 质疑

解题分析：根据下文线索who would best fit into their lives可知，学生似乎能够在早期就辨别出谁最适合与自己一起生活，所以正确答案为B。

10. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 鼻子；B. 眼睛；C. 心脏；D. 手

解题分析：根据下文线索Smel, howeve, does seem to play a part in human attraction可知，嗅觉能影响吸引力，所以正确答案为A。

11. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 开放的；B. 警觉的；C. 抵抗的；D. 优越的

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索either ready to fight可知，空格前后表示相反的含义，上文是figh, 因此下文应是open to partnership, 意为“有可能成为伙伴”。所以正确答案为A。

12. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 失望的；B. 惊讶的；C. 困惑的；D. 有天赋的

解题分析：根据下文线索Although we may not be aware of chemicals like pheromones consciously可知，人类不能有意识地察觉像外激素这样的化学物质，说明在这方面人不如动物那么有天赋，所以正确答案为D。

13. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 情感；B. 吸引力；C. 个性；D. 信号

解题分析：考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索including seeing something we find attractive和下文线索attractiveness可知，此处是说研究人员让受试者通过容貌来判断别人的吸引力，所以正确答案为B。

14. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 提高，加强；B. 拥有；C. 维持；D. 评定

解题分析：考查同义重现和前后语义逻辑。本段讲的是通过外貌来评判别人的吸引力，且由上文线索judge faces for attractiveness可知，此处所填词应与judge同义，所以正确答案为D。

15. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 熟悉的；B. 朴素的；C. 积极的；正面的；D. 生气的

解题分析：根据下文线索Seeing something attractive seems to cause happy thinking可知，人们看到有吸引力的事物时似乎能够快乐地思考，因此本句是说“人们看到相貌有吸引力的人时会更快说出正面的话”，所以正确答案为C。

Section 1：真题精练

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

Most people give little thought to the pens they write wit, especially since the printers in modern homes and offices mean that very　1　things are handwritten. All too ofte, people buy a pen based only on　2　, and wonder why they are not satisfied　3　they begin to use it. Howeve, buying a pen that you'll enjoy is not　4　if you keep the following in mind.

First of al, a pen should fit comfortably in your hand and be　5　to use. The thickness of the pen is the most important characteristic（特征）　6　comfort. Having a small hand and thick finger, you may be comfortable with a thin pen. If you have a　7　hand and thicker finger, you may　8　a fatter pen. The length of a pen can　9　influence comfort. A pen that is too　10　can easily feel top-heavy and unstable.

The, the writing point of the pen should　11　the ink to flow evenly（均匀地）while the pen remains in touch with the paper. 　12　will make it possible for you to create a　13　line of writing. The point should also be sensitive enough to　14　ink from running when the pen is lifted. A point that does not block the　15　may leave drops of in, 　16　you pick the pen up and put it down again.

　17　, the pen should make a thic, dark line. Fine-line pens may　18　bad handwritin, but fin, delicate lines do not command　19　next to printed tex, a, 　20　, a signature on a printed letter. A broad lin, on other han, gives an impression of confidence and authority（权威）.

1. A. many　B. few　C. pleasant　D. important

2. A. 1ooks　B. reason　C. value　D. advantages

3. A. once　B. if　C. because　D. though

4. A. convenient　B. easy　C. strange　D. difficult

5. A. heavy　B. easy　C. hard　D. safe

6. A. taking　B. finding　C. determining　D. seeking

7. A. stronger　B. weaker　C. smaller　D. 1arger

8. A. prefer　B. recommend　C. prepare　D. demand

9. A. hardly　B. also　C. never　D. still

10. A. thick　B. light　C. long　D. soft

11. A. change　B. allow　C. reduce　D. press

12. A. They　B. One　C. This　D. Some

13. A. thin　B. rough　C. black　D. smooth

14. A. prevent　B. free　C. protect　D. remove

15. A. way　B. sight　C. flow　D. stream

16. A. so　B. as　C. and　D. yet

17. A. Meanwhile　B. Generally　C. Afterwards　D. Finally

18. A. show up　B. differ from　C. break down　D. compensate for

19. A. attention　B. support　C. respect　D. admission

20. A. at most　B. for example　C. in brief　D. on purpose

Section 2：答案详解

文章大意：很多人在选择钢笔时不知道什么样的笔好用，本文给出了三条关于如何选到合适的钢笔的建议。

1. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 许多；B. 很少；C. 令人愉快的；D. 重要的

解题分析：根据上文线索printers in modern homes and offices可知，现代家庭和办公室中有很多打印机，而打印机的普及则意味着现在手写的内容很少了，所以正确答案为B。

2. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 外表，样子；B. 理由；C. 价值；D. 优点

解题分析：后文说人们想知道为什么刚开始用买回来的笔时会对其不满意，原因很可能是人们在买笔时主要看重的是笔的样子，而不是实用性。所以正确答案为A。

3. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 一……就；B. 如果；C. 因为；D. 虽然

解题分析：本题采用代入法，将各选项代入后发现，只有A最符合上下文语义逻辑，即人们想知道为什么一使用钢笔就会感到不满意，所以正确答案为A。

4. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 方便的；B. 容易的；C. 奇怪的；D. 难的

解题分析：考查全文主题。本文主要介绍选购钢笔的技巧，如果按照作者讲的建议去做的话，购买一支称心的钢笔就不会是一件难事了，所以正确答案为D。

5. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 重的；B. 容易的；C. 艰难的；努力的；D. 安全的

解题分析：根据上文线索a pen should fit comfortably in your hand可知，合适的钢笔肯定是容易使用的，所以正确答案为B。

6. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 带走；B. 找到；C. 决定；D. 寻找

解题分析：根据前后语义逻辑可知，笔的粗细是决定用笔舒适度的最重要因素，所以正确答案为C。

7. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 更强壮的；B. 更弱的；C. 更小的；D. 更大的

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据上文线索Having a small hand and thick finger, you may be comfortable with a thin pen可知，手小适合用细的笔。反之，如果手大，则适合用较粗的笔，所以正确答案为D。

8. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 更喜欢；B. 推荐；C. 准备；D. 要求

解题分析：根据前后语义逻辑可知，手大的人会更喜欢较粗的笔，所以正确答案为A。

9. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 几乎不；B. 也；C. 永远不；D. 仍然

解题分析：考查同义并列逻辑。上句讲的是笔的粗细影响用笔舒适度，接下来又讲的是笔的长度对用笔舒适度的影响，故此处使用als, 符合文意，所以正确答案为B。

10. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 厚的；B. 轻的；C. 长的；D. 软的

解题分析：考查同义重现与上下文语义。根据上文线索The length of a pen和下文线索feel top-heavy and unstable可知，这里讲述的是笔的长度对用笔舒适度的影响，过长的笔容易使人感觉头重脚轻，写起来不稳当，所以正确答案为C。

11. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 改变；B. 使能够；允许；C. 减少；D. 压，按

解题分析：根据前后语义逻辑可知，在笔与纸张接触时，笔珠应该能够使墨均匀地流出，所以正确答案为B。

12. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 他们；B. 一个；C. 这（个）；D. 一些

解题分析：考查语法结构与上下文语义逻辑。此处指代的是前一句话叙述的内容，应该使用指示代词thi, 所以正确答案为C。

13. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 瘦的；B. 粗略的；C. 黑的；D. 流畅的

解题分析：根据上文线索allow the ink to flow evenly while the pen remains in touch with the paper可知，这会使书写流畅，所以正确答案为D。

14. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 阻止；B. 使自由；解放；C. 保护；D. 移开，除掉

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。上文提到当笔珠与纸张接触时，笔尖应该能够出墨均匀，而此处应该是说当提笔时，笔尖应该不会漏墨，prevent…from意为“阻止……，抑制……”，所以正确答案为A。

15. 【答案】C

选项翻译：A. 方法；B. 视力；景象；C. 流动；水流；D. 小溪

解题分析：考查原词重现与上下文语义逻辑。笔珠不能锁住墨流，纸上就会留下墨滴，所以正确答案为C。

16. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 因此；B. 当……的时候；C. 并且；D. 然而

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。提笔的时候，笔珠如果漏墨，纸上就会留下墨滴，所以正确答案为B。

17. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 同时；B. 通常；C. 在这之后；D. 最后

解题分析：考查全文主题。本文讲述购笔的技巧，总共提出了三条建议，前两条分别是以First of all和Then引出，此处应该是最后一条建议，所以正确答案为D。

18. 【答案】D

选项翻译：A. 出现；B. 与……不同；C. 发生故障；D. 弥补

解题分析：考查上下文语义逻辑。根据上文线索Fine-line pens可知，能写出精细字迹的笔可以弥补书写的不工整，所以正确答案为D。

19. 【答案】A

选项翻译：A. 注意；B. 支持，拥护；C. 尊重，敬重；D. 承认，供认

解题分析：考查反义转折逻辑。根据下文线索A broad lin, on other han, gives an impression of confidence and authority可知，精细的字迹不易引人注意，所以正确答案为A。

20. 【答案】B

选项翻译：A. 至多；B. 比如；C. 简而言之；D. 故意地

解题分析：根据下文线索a signature on a printed letter可知，这里是举例来说明精细的字迹不易引人注意，所以正确答案为, 其余三项代入后均不符合句意。