殷清华
【摘 要】 真正的学法指导,首先需要教师进行精心、细致的科学研究。研究教材、研究教法、研究学生等。教学中,任何一个知识体系,任何一项教学内容,只要深入细致地进行探究,我们总能发现许多规律性,以此来指导我们的教学和学生的学习,可以达到事半功倍的效果。
【关键词】 英语教学 学法指导
高中英语教学提倡的是自主性教学方式,让学生在学习过程中充分发挥主动性、独立性和创造性,逐步形成主动学习、自我监控、自我评价和自我反思的学习风格。在高中阅读教学中,可以让学生根据文本的话题和题材,选择合适的阅读模式获取信息。即从单词、短语,然后从短语到句子、段落,最后从段落到篇章,再到对作者意图的把握。在完形填空题的指导中,教师应基于学生在学习语言过程中所培养的文化意识,要求学生能对语言层次的词语进行解码和分析,对语篇提供的信息进行系统归纳和概括,培养他们的阅读理解能力和逻辑推断能力,这就是所谓的“逻辑为纲,词汇为主,常识为辅”。结合这一原则,我在教学中尝试了以下几个解题方法技巧,一定程度上有效地减少了学生对该题型的“恐慌”。
一、完形填空解题方法案例与分析
1.上下求索型(reasoning)法
例一,选项:D
(2006年节选)Taking advantage of shoppers’will no longer be possible:
——and soon tell others,even those without the internet——that prices in the next town are cheaper or that certain goods are inferior.
A.generosity B.knowledge C.curiosity D.ignorance
例二,选项:C
(2008年节选)Many researchers believe adults,in children’s sports.They believe children
aggressive adult behavior.
A.question B.understand C.copy D.neglect
例三,选项:A
(2009年节选)Most people They are
.
,but most of us,once we become adults,forget how to make use of it.
A.wrong B.unbelievable C.reasonable D.realistic
例四,选项:A
However,don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows drafting.Always make time to become your ownand
,so to speak.
A.director B.master C.audience D.visitor
为了体现试卷应有的难度和区分度,完形填空题设空选项中更多地需要学生善于捕捉并记忆相关的信息,从句子、段落的角度进行深入的理解,这时“上下求索型”的技巧显得尤为重要且实用。通过前后文的通读和结构复杂句子的分析,学生依据上下文语境,对文章内涵进行合理的揣摩,从而对整个语篇有清晰透彻地了解。和“过渡衔接型”相比,“上下求索型”运用时,应遵循“先易后难”的原则,不要急于选出答案,而需瞻前顾后,尽可能地找到确凿的提示后做出符合语境语意的判断。
2.主题倾向型(main idea)法
例一,选项:B
(2007年节选)Scientists have studied the reactions of men to one another during long submarine voyages.They have found that the longer the voyage lasts,the more serious the problem of adjustment is.When men are shut up together for a long period,they begin to feel uneasy.Everyone has little habits of speaking and behaving that are ordinarily acceptable.In the limited space over a long period of time,however,these little habits may become very
(主题:封闭空间中人们很难相处)
A.pleasing B.annoying C.common D.valuable
例二,选项:C
(2008年节选)Parents and coaches are powerful teachers because children usually look up to them.Often these adults behave aggressively themselves,sending children the message that winning is everything.Many parents go to children’s sporting events and shout insults at other players or cheer when their child behaves
(主题:球场上的好斗行为的模仿)
A.proudly B.ambitiously C.aggressively D.bravely
例三,选项:B
(2010年节选)Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment.Instead,it is a major stage of the writing process,and writers revise every step of the way.Even your decision to switch topics while prewriting is a type of revising.However,don't make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows drafting.Always make time to become your own audience and view your dress rehearsal,so to speak.Reviewing your work in this way can give younew ideas.
(主题:作品修改的必要性)
A.personal B.valuable C.basic D.delicate
有关“主题倾向型”技巧的设空选型一定是围绕文章的主题有选择地去除部分信息。如果学生单纯地根据所给的词语做出判断,往往会发现任何一个选项都是适用于空格,且都能补全语篇的内容。这时,学生能否把握文章的主题,能否弄清表达的观点,能否明了作者的感情色彩就变得尤为重要,因为整个阅读过程是读者和文章的交互过程,相同的一篇文章在不同的读者眼里一定会有截然不同的理解。建议学生在阅读时,注意文章或段落的首尾,抓住要领,细读字里行间的关键提示。
3.固定搭配型(collocation)法
例一,选项:A
(2006年节选)In addition to his tradition,medical treatment,he tried to put his treatment in situation that would
A.bring about(带来;造成;引起)B.set about(开始;着手)
C.put up(举起;搭建;提出;留宿)D.make up(编制;化妆)
例二,选项:C
(2007年节选)Another important error is mixed-ability teaching,or teaching in ability groups so wild that the most able groups are separate and arethe least able are lost and
A.kept out(遮挡;使不入内)B.turned down(拒绝;音量调低)
C.held back(抑制;阻止)D.left behind(留下;遗留)
例三,选项:B
(2008年节选)As a society,we really need toand do something about it.
A.look up to(尊敬;敬仰)B.face up to(勇敢地面对)
C.make up for(弥补)D.come up with(提出;想出)
例四,选项:B
(2010年节选)When you revise,you change aspects of your workor to include fresh ideas or newly discovered information.
A.addition B.response C.opposition D.contrast
高考卷所考的词汇均属于常用词汇。设空密度较为平均,单词为主,短语为辅。其中,设空单词均以实词为主,分别有名词、动词、形容词、副词等通常占90以上。学生只要在平时注重基本词汇的积累及常见短语、句型等固定搭配的用法,结合上下文,比较各个选项,就很容易做出判断。记住“词不离句”的原则,在特定语境中理解单词或短语的含义,特别关注一词多义的现象。
二、完形填空练习设计案例
1.原来的设计,粗体为答案
根据上下文理解,设计完形填空:
The crowding of large groups of people into the cities has caused many pollution problems in the world.The supply of food and clothing for the people leads to pollution by industry.If the rapid
in human population continues at the present rate,there may be much greater harm.Some scientists
of the increase in the number of people as “population pollution”.
(1)A.many B.further C.farther D.many more
(2)A.increasingly B.increased C.increase D.to increase
(3)A.refer B.talk C.mention D.think
2.改进后的设计,粗体为答案
The crowding of large groups of people into the cities has caused many pollution problems in the world.The supply of food and clothing for the people leads to pollution by industry.If the rapid increase in human population
at the present rate,there may be much greater harm.Some scientists think of the increase in the
of people as “population pollution”.
(1)A.less B.further C.human D.harmful
(2)A.harms B.reduces C.continues D.stops
(3)A.pollution B.supply C.industry D.Number
三、完形填空解题技巧
完形填空是一种既要求有正确的阅读理解能力,又要求有扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识积累,是一种全面考查考生全面语言运用能力的题型。
第一,大家要以很快的速度浏览全文,掌握文章的主旨,抓住篇章的主要线索,为其后的解题创造良好的条件,建立篇章的整体概念。
第二,根据词的固定搭配和固定句型来选择答案。特别是动词的搭配和词语类型试题是完形填空测试的重点,多数题目涉及动词的语法和各种搭配关系,这是由动词在句子中的重要性决定的。动词在搭配关系上与名词、介词、副词紧密相连,测试的范围较广。这就要求考生多读、多记,对所学短语动词能牢固掌握,并能灵活运用。
第三,通过上下文来选择答案。该项目的设计主要是考查考生的综合分析能力。测试内容包括篇章结构和推理判断能力,这些答案的选择,起关键作用的是上下文的关系。也就是说,对短文的理解是非常重要的,这种考查项目的设计所占的比例较大,且难度也大。若从单句或“局部”来分析,所给的四个答案在语法或结构上都是正确的,若放在全局,则不一定正确。考生必须通过部分上下文甚至全文才能选出正确的答案来。
总之,要提高学生完形填空的解题水平,除了上面介绍的方法技巧外,在平时的学习实践中,要有计划、有目的地训练学生加强阅读、提高速度,在实践中感悟词的辨析、搭配,学会对文章进行逻辑判断及推理,既要看懂表层意思,更要理解深层次的含义。要有计划、按步骤,由简到难、由短到长地进行有针对性的专项训练,材料要精选,解题要限时,体裁要多样,做后要分析,运用正确的解题方法与技巧,解答完形填空的水平就能得到提高。
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