英语中的插入结构表示说话人的态度和看法,对整个句子进行解释或者说明。有些语法学家认为插入结构属于状语。其实,两者的主要区别在于,插入结构通常与句中其他成分在语法上并无十分密切的联系,常用来对全句加以说明,表示作者或说话者对句子表达内容的看法或者用以对其表达内容做补充说明等。插入结构一般用逗号与句子其他部分隔开。有些插入语,尤其当其位于句首时,翻译成汉语时可保持原文的语序。然而,在许多情况下,需要对英语原文的语序做必要的调整,使译文符合汉语习惯。插入结构的成分可以是副词、形容词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语或者主谓结构等。下面我们将分别论述这些插入结构的翻译方法。
一 副词作插入语
英语中,副词用作插入语的位置通常可以在句首、句中或者句尾。翻译时,可以把这个插入结构放在其修饰的句子前面译出。
举例
Apparently, it is going to rain.
很明显,要下雨了。
Fortunately, I passed the examination.
幸运的是,我通过了考试。
Incidentally, your proposal has been put to the discussion at the meeting.
顺便说一句,你的建议已经提交会议进行讨论了。
He was luckier, however, because he was only slightly wounded.
然而,他比较幸运,因为他只是受了点轻伤。
He is young. He has much experience in teaching English, though.
他很年轻,但是有丰富的英语教学经验。
二 形容词短语作插入语
形容词词组作插入结构,一般翻译为“……的是,……”这样的结构,放在其修饰的句子之前。
举例
Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world.
最重要的是,计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。
I got up late yesterday morning; worse still, my bike was out of order.
昨天早上我起得晚。更糟糕的是,我的自行车坏了。
Strange enough, he doesn't know that famous writer.
奇怪的是,他竟然不知道那位著名的作家。
三 介词短语作插入语
英语中,介词词组作插入语的结构有:all in all(总而言之),as a matter of fact(事实上),as a result(结果),at worst(在最坏的情况下),by the way(顺便说一句),first of all(首先),for example(例如),in conclusion(总之,最后),in fact(事实上),in effect(实际上),in my opinion(在我看来,我认为),in other words(换句话说,换言之),in short(简言之),to my delight(让我高兴的是),to one's amazement(使某人惊讶的是),to one's deep regret(使某人深感遗憾的是),to one's relief(使某人感到欣慰的是),to one's surprise(使某人感到吃惊的是)等。这一结构通常放到句子的最前面去翻译。
举例
China, in fact, has caught up with and surpassed the world advanced levels in many respects.
事实上,中国已经在许多方面赶上和超过了世界先进水平。
What happened to him, by the way?
顺便问一句,他后来怎么样了?
All in all, her health condition is greatly improved.
总之,她的健康状况已经大大改善了。
四 不定式短语作插入语
不定式短语作插入语时,对整个句子进行解释。常见的作插入结构的不定式短语有:so to speak(可以这样说),to tell you the truth(老实告诉你),to be frank(说句实话),to begin with(首先),to start with(首先),to be more exact(更确切地说),to sum up(总之,概括地说),to put it briefly(简单说来),to put it in another way(换句话说),to make a long story short(长话短说),to say the least of it(至少可以这样说),needless to say(不用说),strange to say(说来奇怪),to conclude(总之,最后),to be sure(可以肯定地说),to be specific(具体说来),to be precise(准确地说),to speak frankly(坦白地说)等。翻译的时候,无论其在英语原文中的顺序怎样,一般都要放到句子的最前面译出。
举例
To tell you the truth, I haven't bought anything for a year.
老实告诉你,我一年来什么东西都没有买过。
It wasn't a very good dinner, to say the least of it.
至少可以这样说,这次宴会并不成功。
The movie, to be frank, moved me to tears.
坦白地说,这部电影让我感动得流下了眼泪。
She wrote, to be exact, ten novels in her lifetime.
确切地说,她一生写了十本小说。
五 分词短语作插入语
翻译分词短语作插入语结构时通常将其置于句子的最前面。在英语中,分词短语作插入语的结构有:considering...(考虑到……),all things considered(从整体来看),allowing for...(考虑到……),generally speaking(一般说来),judging from...(从……来判断),putting it another way(换句话说),roughly speaking(大体说来),taking account of...(考虑到……),taking all things into consideration(全面看来),taking... as an example(以……为例),talking of...(说到……),speaking of...(说到……),strictly speaking(严格地说)等。
举例
Judging from the handwriting, it should be written by our teacher.
从字迹上判断,这应该是我们老师写的。
Generally speaking, she's not quite fit for this kind of work.
总的来说,她不太适合做这种工作。
You managed the project very well, considering your inexperience.
考虑到缺乏经验,你对这个项目处理得已经很好了。
六 主谓结构作插入语
在英语中,主谓结构作插入语时通常放在句子中间或者结尾,如果放在句首,就成了一个主谓句后面跟宾语的句型了,而不是插入结构。翻译成汉语时,这种插入结构应该放在句子最前面译出。作插入语的主谓结构有:I think(我认为),I hope(我希望),I guess(我想),I'm afraid(恐怕),I believe(我认为,我相信),I suppose(我想,我认为),I wonder(我想知道),you see(你知道),you know(你知道),don't you think(难道你不认为),don't you know(难道你不知道),I tell you(我告诉你),it seems(似乎),it seems to me(在我看来;这似乎),it is said(据说),it is suggested(有人认为)等。
举例
The man, I think, does not deserve the prize.
我认为,那个人不应该得奖。
The air there is rather refreshing, I suppose.
我想,那里的空气应该很宜人。
Honesty, I believe, is her virtue.
我认为,诚实是她的美德。
七 what we call句型作插入语
在英语的议论文中,常常有what we call这样的句型,通常可以看作插入语,因为把这样的结构去掉之后句子仍然完整。类似的句型还有:what we used to call, what is called, what they described as, what can be called, what they regarded as, as we call it, as we know it等。通常翻译为“所谓的……”,可以按照原文语序直接翻译。
举例
He is what we call a walking dictionary.
他就是所谓的“活字典”。
Most of what they regarded as geniuses are successful only because they have made extraordinary effort.
大部分所谓的天才是由于付出了巨大的努力才获得成功的。
A compound, as we know it, results from the chemical union of two or more elements.
所谓的化合物是由两个或两个以上元素结合而成的。
真题演练
请先翻译以下真题,注意插入结构在译文中的顺序安排,再仔细对比后面的详细解析,结合前面学习到的“评分标准”和“考试要点”,进一步分析自己译文的对错得失。
例1. (2003年65题) Thus, the anthropological concept of“culture,”// like the concept of“set”in mathematics, // is an abstract concept // which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.(句子详细解析,请参考本书第124页)
例2. (2004年65题) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism // which, in its strongest form, states // that language imprisons the mind, // and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequence for the culture of a society.(句子详细解析,请参考本书第132页)
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