第8讲 主动式与被动式
拉丁语中经常使用被动式。这种表达方式和思维方式影响了所有的欧洲语言,如英语:I was born and raised in Europe. I am expected to work hard. I feel called to say the truth.汉语则通常翻译为:“我生于欧洲,并在欧洲长大。别人希望我努力工作。我觉得我应该说实话。”
在“动词变位”表中学习第3号(直陈被动现在时)动词的词尾:-or, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur,以及第5号(被动过去时)的词尾。完成时的分词(第24号:laudatus, -a, -um)经常表示一种被动的语态,如laudatus sum(我曾被赞扬)。学习下列例句:
1.Laudo eum. Is laudatur. Is laudat me. Ego laudor. Ego laudabar.
I praise him. He is praised. He praised me. I am praised. I was praised.
我赞扬他。他被赞扬。他赞扬了我。我被赞扬。我曾被赞扬。
2.Visitamus omnia templa in civitate. Templa visitantur a nobis.(visito, -are 探望,看)
We visit all temples in the city. The temples are visited by us.
我们参观城里所有的庙。庙被我们参观。
3.Confucium magistrum appellamus. Confucius a nobis magister appellatur.
We call Confucius master. Confucius is called master by us.
我们称孔子为老师。孔子被我们称为老师。
4.Amicus cognoscitur amore, more, ore, re.(cognosco, -ere 认识;amor, -oris, m 爱;mos, moris, m 习惯;os, oris, n 嘴、所说的话;res, rei, f 事,事务)
A friend is known by his love, his habits, his words and his deeds.
通过感情、习惯、言谈和实际行动能认识一个(真正的)朋友。(古代成语,amore、more、ore、re 都是夺格,表示一种方式、渠道。)
有的动词只有被动式,但它们的意思是主动的。它们的完成时由完成时分词和sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt 构成,如:conor, vereor, loquor, patior。
此类常见的动词还有:
aggredior, -gredi, aggressus sum 走近,攻击
fateor, -eri, fassus sum 承认,宣布
fio, fieri, factus sum 发生,成为
fungor, fungi, functus sum 管理,完成(+夺格)
intueor, -eri, intuitus sum 观望
mentior, mentiri, mentitus sum 说谎
misereor, misereri, miseritus sum 怜悯(+属格)
morior, mori, mortuus sum 去世,死亡
nascor, nasci, natus sum 出生,形成
opinor, -ari, opinatus sum 认为
patior, pati, passus sum 遭受
recordor, -ari, recordatus sum 回忆
sequor, sequi, secutus sum 追求,跟随
utor, uti, usus sum 利用(+夺格)。
1.Conamur discere linguam Latinam. Discere conati sumus.(lingua Latina拉丁语)
We try to learn Latin. We tried to learn.
我们尝试学习拉丁语。我们曾经尝试学习。
2.Vinum loqui facit socios optimum Latinum.(vinum, -i, n 葡萄酒;socius, -ii, m 朋友;Latinum 拉丁话)
Wine makes the friends speak perfect Latin.
葡萄酒使朋友们说出完美的拉丁语。(选自中世纪《诗集》Carmina Burana中的“祝酒歌”;参见第10课课文)
Fertur in convivio: vinus, vina, vinum. Masculinum displicet atque femininum. Sed in neutro genere vinum est divinum, loqui facit socios optimum Latinum.
酒会中的人说:vinus, vina, vinum,阳性和阴性都不对,但中性的“葡萄酒”有神效,使朋友们说出完美的拉丁语。
3.Moyse locutus est ad patres nostros.(patres 复数:祖先)
Moses spoke to our fathers.
摩西曾对我们的祖先说过话。(出自《圣经·旧约》)
4.Verbum Dei caro factus est.
The Word of God became man (was made flesh).
天主的圣言成了血肉(或降生成人)。(出自《圣经·新约》)
5.Qui utitur iure suo non facit iniuriam.(ius, iuris, n 权利;facio, -ere 做;iniuria, -ae, f 不义)
Who exerts his proper rights will not do injustice.
行使自己的合法权利,就不会违法。(utor 夺格,意为“要求”;ius suum 指“自己的合法权利”)
被动式动词的命令式是-ere(-are)(单数)和-mini(复数),例如:
Miserere, Domine, miserere mei! Loquere! Sequimini! Conamini!
Lord, have mercy, have mercy on me! Speak! Follow! Try!
上主,求您怜悯怜悯我!请你说!你们跟随吧!你们试一试吧!
Videre(看,看见)的被动式可译为“看起来是”、“好像是”:
Ea venire videtur. Magister aegrotus esse videtur.(aegrotus, -a, -um 患病的)
She seems to come. The teacher seems to be ill.
她好像来了。老师好像病了。
Mentiri videris. Amicus errare videtur. Aggredi videntur.
You seem to tell a lie. The friend seems to be wrong. They seem to attack.
看来你是在说谎。朋友的看法好像不对。看来他们在进攻。
练 习
1.翻译下列句子:
①Iulia amat Marcum.
②Marcus amatur.
③Marcus amari videtur.
④Magister bonus auditur.
⑤Magister bonus audiri videtur.
⑥Discipuli honesti laudantur.
⑦Unus discipulus non laudari videtur.
⑧Homo malus poenam patitur.
⑨Homines mali poenam patiuntur.
⑩Unus homo non malus esse videtur.
⑪Magnum donum datur.
⑫Equus capitur.
⑬Equus captus est.
⑭Marcus locutus est.
2.将下列句子变成被动句(用介词a,ab和被动式):
①Iulia amat Marcum.
②Marcus audit Confucius.
③Omnes homines laudant Confucium.
④Multi homines laudabant Confucium.
⑤Homines boni laudant magistrum honestum.
⑥Confucius cognoscit discipulum bonum.
⑦Ore et amore cognoscimus hominem honestum.
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