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主动式与被动式

时间:2023-03-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:拉丁语中经常使用被动式。完成时的分词经常表示一种被动的语态,如laudatus sum。(古代成语,amore、more、ore、re 都是夺格,表示一种方式、渠道。)有的动词只有被动式,但它们的意思是主动的。1.Conamur discere linguam Latinam. Discere conati sumus.2.Vinum loqui facit socios optimum Latinum.葡萄酒使朋友们说出完美的拉丁语。Fertur in convivio: vinus, vina, vinum. Masculinum displicet atque femininum. Sed in neutro genere vinum est divinum, loqui facit socios optimum Latinum.酒会中的人说:vinus, vina, vinum,阳性和阴性都不对,但中性的“葡萄酒”有神效,使朋友们说出完美的拉丁语。

第8讲 主动式与被动式

拉丁语中经常使用被动式。这种表达方式和思维方式影响了所有的欧洲语言,如英语:I was born and raised in Europe. I am expected to work hard. I feel called to say the truth.汉语则通常翻译为:“我生于欧洲,并在欧洲长大。别人希望我努力工作。我觉得我应该说实话。”


在“动词变位”表中学习第3号(直陈被动现在时)动词的词尾:-or, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur,以及第5号(被动过去时)的词尾。完成时的分词(第24号:laudatus, -a, -um)经常表示一种被动的语态,如laudatus sum(我曾被赞扬)。学习下列例句:

1.Laudo eum. Is laudatur. Is laudat me. Ego laudor. Ego laudabar.

I praise him. He is praised. He praised me. I am praised. I was praised.

我赞扬他。他被赞扬。他赞扬了我。我被赞扬。我曾被赞扬。


2.Visitamus omnia templa in civitate. Templa visitantur a nobis.(visito, -are 探望,看)

We visit all temples in the city. The temples are visited by us.

我们参观城里所有的庙。庙被我们参观。


3.Confucium magistrum appellamus. Confucius a nobis magister appellatur.

We call Confucius master. Confucius is called master by us.

我们称孔子为老师。孔子被我们称为老师。


4.Amicus cognoscitur amore, more, ore, re.(cognosco, -ere 认识;amor, -oris, m 爱;mos, moris, m 习惯;os, oris, n 嘴、所说的话;res, rei, f 事,事务)

A friend is known by his love, his habits, his words and his deeds.

通过感情、习惯、言谈和实际行动能认识一个(真正的)朋友。(古代成语,amore、more、ore、re 都是夺格,表示一种方式、渠道。)


有的动词只有被动式,但它们的意思是主动的。它们的完成时由完成时分词和sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt 构成,如:conor, vereor, loquor, patior。

此类常见的动词还有:

aggredior, -gredi, aggressus sum 走近,攻击

fateor, -eri, fassus sum 承认,宣布

fio, fieri, factus sum 发生,成为

fungor, fungi, functus sum 管理,完成(+夺格)

intueor, -eri, intuitus sum 观望

mentior, mentiri, mentitus sum 说谎

misereor, misereri, miseritus sum 怜悯(+属格)

morior, mori, mortuus sum 去世,死亡

nascor, nasci, natus sum 出生,形成

opinor, -ari, opinatus sum 认为

patior, pati, passus sum 遭受

recordor, -ari, recordatus sum 回忆

sequor, sequi, secutus sum 追求,跟随

utor, uti, usus sum 利用(+夺格)。


1.Conamur discere linguam Latinam. Discere conati sumus.(lingua Latina拉丁语)

We try to learn Latin. We tried to learn.

我们尝试学习拉丁语。我们曾经尝试学习。


2.Vinum loqui facit socios optimum Latinum.(vinum, -i, n 葡萄酒;socius, -ii, m 朋友;Latinum 拉丁话)

Wine makes the friends speak perfect Latin.

葡萄酒使朋友们说出完美的拉丁语。(选自中世纪《诗集》Carmina Burana中的“祝酒歌”;参见第10课课文)

Fertur in convivio: vinus, vina, vinum. Masculinum displicet atque femininum. Sed in neutro genere vinum est divinum, loqui facit socios optimum Latinum.

酒会中的人说:vinus, vina, vinum,阳性和阴性都不对,但中性的“葡萄酒”有神效,使朋友们说出完美的拉丁语。


3.Moyse locutus est ad patres nostros.(patres 复数:祖先)

Moses spoke to our fathers.

摩西曾对我们的祖先说过话。(出自《圣经·旧约》)


4.Verbum Dei caro factus est.

The Word of God became man (was made flesh).

天主的圣言成了血肉(或降生成人)。(出自《圣经·新约》)


5.Qui utitur iure suo non facit iniuriam.(ius, iuris, n 权利;facio, -ere 做;iniuria, -ae, f 不义)

Who exerts his proper rights will not do injustice.

行使自己的合法权利,就不会违法。(utor 夺格,意为“要求”;ius suum 指“自己的合法权利”)


被动式动词的命令式是-ere(-are)(单数)和-mini(复数),例如:

Miserere, Domine, miserere mei! Loquere! Sequimini! Conamini!

Lord, have mercy, have mercy on me! Speak! Follow! Try!

上主,求您怜悯怜悯我!请你说!你们跟随吧!你们试一试吧!


Videre(看,看见)的被动式可译为“看起来是”、“好像是”:

Ea venire videtur. Magister aegrotus esse videtur.(aegrotus, -a, -um 患病的)

She seems to come. The teacher seems to be ill.

她好像来了。老师好像病了。


Mentiri videris. Amicus errare videtur. Aggredi videntur.

You seem to tell a lie. The friend seems to be wrong. They seem to attack.

看来你是在说谎。朋友的看法好像不对。看来他们在进攻。


练 习

1.翻译下列句子:

①Iulia amat Marcum.

②Marcus amatur.

③Marcus amari videtur.

④Magister bonus auditur.

⑤Magister bonus audiri videtur.

⑥Discipuli honesti laudantur.

⑦Unus discipulus non laudari videtur.

⑧Homo malus poenam patitur.

⑨Homines mali poenam patiuntur.

⑩Unus homo non malus esse videtur.

⑪Magnum donum datur.

⑫Equus capitur.

⑬Equus captus est.

⑭Marcus locutus est.

2.将下列句子变成被动句(用介词a,ab和被动式):

①Iulia amat Marcum.

②Marcus audit Confucius.

③Omnes homines laudant Confucium.

④Multi homines laudabant Confucium.

⑤Homines boni laudant magistrum honestum.

⑥Confucius cognoscit discipulum bonum.

⑦Ore et amore cognoscimus hominem honestum.

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