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不定式和动名词

时间:2023-03-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:“宾格和不定式”经常用在表示“说”,“命令”,“感觉到”,“希望”,“想”,“认为”等意义的动词之后。这些动词被称作“无人称动词”[impersonal verbs]。我拥有游泳的能力(动名词)。(natandi 是natare的动名词属格;faculta

第11讲 不定式和动名词

不定式

拉丁语的不定式可以作主语或宾语。

宾格和不定式(accusativus cum infinitivo,缩写为AcI)。对比英语的宾格和不定式,例:I expect him to come(我希望他来)。这里him是宾格,to come 是不定式。“宾格和不定式”经常用在表示“说”,“命令”,“感觉到”,“希望”,“想”,“认为”等意义的动词之后。

主格和不定式(nominativus cum infinitivo,缩写为NcI)也类似于英语中的结构:He was supposed to come(人们曾期待他来)。参看“动词变位”表第1号的不定式,学习下面的例句:


1.Errare humanum est.(erro, -are 犯错误;humanus, -a, -um 属于人的)

To err is human. / It is human to make mistakes.

人人都会犯错误。(不定式errare 是这个句子的主语。)


2.Aperte dicere oportet cum amico.(aperte 坦白地;oportet 它是必须的)

One must speak openly to a friend.

跟朋友应该坦白地谈话。(aperte 是副词;第三人称单数的oportet 是固定的形式,类似的单词还有:licet 是允许的;opus est 是需要的;necesse est 是必然的;fas est 是符合正义的;apparet 是明显的;constat 是确定的;praestat 是更好的,等等。这些动词被称作“无人称动词”[impersonal verbs]。)


3.Malum dicere nefas est.(nefas 不义,恶事)

It is injustice to say bad things.

说坏话是邪恶的。


4.Poetae volunt prodesse aut delectare (Horatius).(poeta, -ae, f 诗人;prosum, prodesse 有用)

Poets want to make a contribution or they just want to entertain.

诗人要么想作贡献,要么想使人消遣。(贺拉斯的名言,原文为Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae.诗人的目标要么是教育人,要么是提供一种娱乐。)


5.Ego plus quam feci facere non possum.(plus quam 比……多)

I cannot do more than I have done already.

我不能做比我已经做过的更多的事了。我已经尽力而为了。


6.Scio te venire. Scio te venisse. Scio te venturum esse.

I know that you come. I know that you came. I know that you will come.

我知道你来。我知道你来了。我知道你将要来。(宾格和不定式:venire 是现在时不定式,venisse 是完成时不定式,venturum esse 是未来时分词加不定式。)


7.Mater patrem in horto laborare dicit.相当于Mater dicit: Pater in horto laborat.(hortus, -i, m 花园,园子)

Mother says that father works in the garden.

母亲说父亲在花园里工作。(由宾格patrem 和不定式laborare 构成的AcI 结构。)


8.Legem brevem esse oportet.

Laws must be short.

法律条文必须是简短的。(法学的原则。原文:Leges breves esse oportet, ut ab omnibus intellegi possunt.法律的条文必须是简明的,以便所有的人都能理解。)


9.Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.(ceterum 另外;censeo, -ere 想;deleo, -ere 毁灭)

Besides, I think Carthago must be destroyed.

另外呢,我想迦太基应该被毁灭。(加图的名言。请注意首音c-, c-, c-)


10.Galbam et Africanum doctos fuisse traditum est.(traditum est 据说,根据传统的说法)

According to tradition Galba and Africanus were learned men.

根据传统的说法,伽尔巴和阿富利卡努斯很有学问。(不定式fuisse 来自esse。)


11.Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat ab urbe proficisci.(nuntio, -are 宣报、报告;iter facere 走;maturo, -are 很快做;proficiscor, -i 出发)

When it was announced to Caesar, that they tried to make their way through our province, he hurried to depart from the city.

当恺撒知道他们试图通过我们的行省时,他迅速从城市出发。


12.Pater in horto laborare dicitur. = Pater dicitur in horto laborare.

It is said that the father works in the garden. = Allegedly the father works in the garden.

人们说父亲在花园里干活。据说父亲在花园里干活。(pater dicitur laborare 是NcI 的结构。)


13.Videris verum non dicere. Parentes mei aegrotare dicuntur. = Multi dicunt parentes meos aegrotare.

You seem not to say the truth. My parents are said to be ill. = Many say that my parents are ill.

你好像没说实话。据说我的父母生病了(NcI结构)。很多人说我的父母生病了(AcI结构)。

动名词

动名词是以名词的方式使用动词,拉丁语中还有动形词(gerundivum),它是以形容词的方式使用动词,参见“动词变位表”,第26和7号,学习下面的例句:


1.Natare possum. Natare me delectat. Facultas natandi data est mihi.

I can swim. Swimming gives me joy. I have the ability to swim.

我会游泳(不定式)。游泳使我高兴(不定式)。我拥有游泳的能力(动名词)。(natandi 是natare的动名词属格;facultas natandi 游泳的能力)


2.Piscis ad natandum natus est. Natando corpus firmamus.

A fish is born to swim. By swimming we strengthen the body.

鱼的天性就是游泳。(ad 表示目标,因为ad要求宾格,动名词natandum 是宾格,字面意义是:鱼是为游泳而生的)。通过游泳我们锻炼身体。(动名词natando 是夺格,表示手段。)


3.Docendo discimus. Libros legendo discimus.

By teaching we learn. We learn by reading books.

教学相长。我们通过读书而学习。(动名词docendo, legendo 的夺格表示一个方法、手段。)


4.spes patriam liberandi, ars recte scribendi

the hope to liberate the motherland, the art of writing properly

解放祖国的希望,正字法(动名词liberandi, scribendi 是属格。)


5.vir laudandus, voluntas laudanda, liber legendus

a praiseworthy man, a praiseworthy ideal, a book worth reading

一个应该获得称赞的人,一个值得赞美的理想,一本值得读的书(动形词laudandus, laudanda, legendus 表示一种被动的意思:他应该被……)


6.Tibi agendum est. Nunc parendum est. Vobis parendum est.(ago, agere 行动;pareo, -ere 服从)

You must act. One must obey now. You must obey.

你必须采取行动。现在得服从。你们必须服从。(动形词agendum, parendum 的中性表示一种抽象的、普遍的意思。)


7.Cicero librum de morte contemnenda scripsit.

Cicero wrote a book about the contempt of death.

西塞罗写了一本关于蔑视死亡的书。(因为mors, mortis, f 属阴性,动形词contemnenda 必须是阴性。)


8.Fidem non servanti non est servanda fides. Fides hosti servanda est.

One is not obliged to be faithful to a treacherous person. One must keep agreements with enemies.

对于一个不守信用的人不必讲信用。对于敌人必须守信用。(两个法学的原则。现在时分词servanti 是与格,而动形词servanda 是阴性的,因为fides 属阴性。)


目的性的动名词(supinum)有两种形式:-turn (-sum), -tu (-su)。学习下列例句:

1.Venatum eunt. Hannibal patriam defensum in Africam revocatus est.(veno, -are 打猎)

They went hunting. Hannibal was called back to Africa in order to defend the fatherland.

他们去打猎。为了保卫祖国,汉尼拔被召回阿非利加地区(非洲)。


2.facile visu, horribile dictu; Hoc est incredibile auditu.

easy to see, horrible to say; This sounds incredible.

看起来容易,说起来可怕;这件事听起来让人难以置信。


练 习

借助“小词典”翻译下列句子:

1.宾格和不定式:

①Dicit te scribere.

②Dixit te scribere.

③Dixit te scripturum esse.

④Dixit te scripsisse.

⑤Credo te verum amicum esse.

⑥Iuvenem decet esse verecundum.

⑦Oportet me hoc dicere.

⑧Veto te haec dicere.

⑨Prohibebo vos pontem transire.

⑩Caesar dixit se duas legiones in Galliam misisse.

⑪Saepe legimus Hannibalem magnum exercitum in Italiam duxisse.

⑫Iustum est malos puniri.

2.动名词:

①Milites nullam spem redeundi habent.

②Nullum locum considendi habemus.

③Hoc est modus procedendi.

④Hic est locus standi.

⑤Aqua utilis est bibendo.

⑥Hic est locus idoneus pugnando.

⑦Ad audiendum venit.

⑧Ad videndum urbem venimus.或Urbem videndi causa venimus.

⑨Errando discimus vitare errorem.

⑩Maximae res non expectando sed agendo conficiuntur.

⑪Superando Gallos Caesar magnam gloriam reportavit.

3.动形词:

①Epistula mittenda est.

②Hoc opus vobis faciendum est.

③Ad eas res conficiendas Marcus venit.

④Ad urbem videndam venerunt.或Urbis videndae causa venerunt.

4.目的性动名词:

Veritas non semper est iucunda auditu.

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