约10%的妇女在妊娠过程中会发生血压升高。高血压是导致孕妇及婴儿患病及死亡的重要原因。目前尚无明确的指南规定在妊娠血压升高的妇女中何时开始以及如何治疗,但高危患者应在严密监护下尽早开始治疗。
由于既往繁多的分类标准,使妊娠时期的高血压治疗变得很困难。有分类方法根据先兆子痫和子痫中的多器官损害将妊娠期高血压分为:先兆子痫、妊娠高血压和慢性高血压三类。不同分类之间的病理、结果以及处理均各不相同,但临床表现有重叠之处。妊娠及产后早期有不同的代谢、内分泌及循环的变化,但妊娠期高血压的具体病理改变尚不明了,也是目前研究重点。妊娠诱发高血压的影响有可能在妊娠结束后持续存在,有研究表明妊娠诱发高血压患者之后发展成为恶性高血压的可能性较口服避孕药的患者大。
先兆子痫是妊娠相关疾病,多发生在妊娠的后3个月,临床表现为高血压、全身水肿水钠潴留以及蛋白尿,但并非所有患者均有3项表现。先兆子痫有可能意外进展为各种危及生命的状态如癫大发作、肾衰竭,从而导致母体及婴儿围生期的患病及死亡。
虽然目前公认在妊娠合并严重高血压的患者当中应用降压治疗是有益的,但在妊娠合并轻度高血压的患者中是否应该进行降压药物治疗还存在争议。目前尚无任何可信的证据表明在妊娠合并轻度高血压患者中进行降压治疗是有益的。降压治疗对胎儿的益处有限,但相关的研究规模较小,或许不能足以说明问题。但先兆子痫治疗降低患病率和病死率的益处是确定的。因此,应严密监测所有妊娠合并高血压的患者,警惕并发先兆子痫/子痫的可能性。医疗机构应针对合并严重高血压的孕妇制定一套跨学科的诊治策略,包括患者的随诊场所、应使用何种降压药物等。妊娠合并严重高血压最有效治疗是胎儿娩出。生产后患者血压将下降,但高血压本身可能在产后的短期内持续存在并需要短期治疗。
(冷秀玉)
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