HCM的预后与年龄、病情轻重及治疗措施是否恰当有关。有症状的婴儿特别是伴有心力衰竭和青紫的患儿,5年病死率达80%以上。2010年,上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心报道,1999年5月至2009年12月诊治的HCM 80例,失访23例,随访的57例中,1年生存率94.1%,2年生存率72.7%,5年生存率50%。HCM病变是进行性的,虽然发展缓慢,但是不可逆的,并且可能发生突变或猝死。<10岁猝死率可达每年6%~8%,只有极少数可减轻,50%死于强体力活动当时或活动后即刻,很多亚临床型患者虽然精力充沛但仍有猝死的可能。认识猝死的危险指标并进行危险性评估,对防止猝死、改善预后有着十分重要的意义。
目前认为猝死的危险指标包括:①有猝死家族史;②有无法解释的晕厥;③极度的左心室肥厚;④Holter监测出现非持续性室性心动过速;⑤运动后血压反应异常(直立运动低血压反应);⑥肌钙蛋白T基因突变。同时存在2项及以上危险指标的患者,为猝死高危者。儿童仅有1项晕厥史者,即为高危患者。
对猝死高危患者的一级预防,须针对致严重心律失常的机制,采用药物或置入ICD。对心脏停搏和(或)室性心动过速复苏成功者的二级预防,则是直接置入ICD。目前认为,ICD是预防高危HCM患者猝死的最有价值的措施。
(汪 翼 马沛然)
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