TURPC是晚期前列腺癌的一种姑息治疗,适用于有下尿路梗阻的患者,使排尿通畅,改善病人的生活质量。目前对TURPC治疗前列腺癌的利弊尚存争议。文献报道(Mc-Gowan)和笔者的临床实践证实,TURPC可促使部分患者癌细胞转移、扩散,加速肿瘤进展,缩短存活期。适用于有下尿路梗阻的晚期前列腺癌患者。肿瘤使精阜移位或扭曲,致界标不清楚,若癌细胞侵犯到外括约肌,使之变硬或高低不平。术中要注意分辨,避免损伤外括约肌。对于T1期前列腺癌可达到治愈。
【适应证】 ①有下尿路梗阻的晚期前列腺癌患者行TURPC术后排尿通畅,改善患者生活质量。②对于T1期前列腺癌可达到治愈。
【禁忌证】 参考经尿道前列腺电切除术。
【原理】 TURPC是用电切镜经尿道尽量将前列腺癌组织逐块切除,以解除因肿瘤压迫导致的尿路梗阻,达到排尿通畅的目的。
【优点】 TURPC为微创手术,安全、损伤小,术后恢复快,效果肯定。可以显著缓解梗阻症状,提高患者生活质量。对不能耐受根治性前列腺切除术的高危病人、对失去根治机会的前列腺癌患者为治疗的上策之选。
【缺点】 对绝大多数前列腺肿瘤无治愈作用,对部分患者可能促进肿瘤扩散和转移,加重病情,应予警惕。
【术前特殊准备】 参考经尿道前列腺电切除术。
【麻醉与体位】 通常在硬膜外阻滞麻醉下进行。亦可选用腰麻或全身麻醉。硬膜外阻滞或腰麻可提供良好的肌肉松弛,给术者提供有利的操作条件;全身麻醉可以消除病人紧张情绪,亦可提供肌肉松弛条件,利于膀胱适当充盈,便于观察视野。
采用截石体位,手术台下端可连接一引流液盛盘以承接引流液。引流液盛盘中放一筛子承接切下的前列腺组织片,送做活组织检查。
【手术要点】 详见经尿道前列腺电切除术。
【意外事件】 参考经尿道前列腺电切除术。
【术后处理要点】 参考经尿道前列腺电切除术。
【并发症防治】 参考经尿道前列腺电切除术。
【评析与选择】 TURPC从技术上讲,与TURP几乎相同,但TURPC不追求,也无法完全切除肿瘤组织,只需要使膀胱三角区与精阜保持一平面,便于排尿。可以使用常规高频电刀切割术、汽化切割术或等离子切割术等。手术损伤轻,术后恢复快,效果好,极大地改善了晚期前列腺癌患者排尿困难,提高了其生活质量。已经被国内泌尿外科医生和晚期前列腺癌患者广泛接受。但是,有些文献资料和笔者临床实践发现,TURPC可能促进部分晚期前列腺癌患者的肿瘤扩散与远处转移,加速患者死亡,应予以重视。
【总评】 前列腺癌根治术是局限性前列腺癌的最有效治疗方式,自从1866年Kücher首创经会阴前列腺癌根治术以来,前列腺癌根治术已有140多年的历史,并经历了Young对经会阴前列腺癌根治术的改进。1947年,Millin提出经耻骨后前列腺癌根治术,Memmmelear、Chute、Young和Campbell等人对其进行改进,1987年Walsh等人在经耻骨后前列腺癌根治术的基础上提出保留性神经的前列腺癌根治术,近年来开展腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术和机器人经腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术。无论何种手术方式,尿失禁、吻合口狭窄及术后性功能障碍仍是根治性前列腺切除术后影响患者生活质量的主要并发症,经验丰富的手术医生可以大大减少这些并发症的发生率。经会阴前列腺癌根治术因手术范围受限、视野小、暴露困难、损伤直肠概率大、无法保留神经血管束、熟悉此径路的手术医生少等,已经很少在临床上采用。经耻骨后前列腺癌根治术为泌尿外科医生熟悉,是目前临床上广泛采用的手术方式,但是存在对患者损伤大、出血较多、吻合膀胱尿道比较困难等缺点。腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术是近年开展的新技术,具有手术视野清晰、创伤小、痛苦少、出血少、恢复快、切口美观等优点,但是技术太复杂、手术时间长。机器人经腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术是现代医学知识、外科技术、电子技术、机械制造技术、自动控制技术等高度发展和融合,产生的一种最新外科技术,不仅具有腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术的优点,还具有操作方便、易于学习与掌握、手术视野更宽广、显露更清晰等优点,可能给前列腺癌根治术领域带来外科技术的变革,代替传统的开放手术和腹腔镜技术。但是其成套设备和维护费用昂贵,短期内普及该技术有困难。经尿道电切前列腺癌手术是提高晚期前列腺癌患者生活质量的一种权宜之计,没有治愈效果,且有促进肿瘤扩散、转移,加速患者死亡之可能。
(王德林 陈在贤)
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