无创性全自动动态血压监测技术(ambluatory blood pressure monitoring,ABPM)可用于简便的BPV研究。即采用每半小时或20min测一次血压的方法,监测24h血压,算出粗略的BPV数据,也有一定的参考价值。ABPM监测仪器在临床已经普及,已成为临床进行血压动态监测最常用的方法之一。
(一)血压监测方法
采用标准袖带,常规缚于上肢,定时给袖带充气,测量肱动脉血压,并与动态血压监测仪连接,自动存储数据。在24h内可以存储200多个血压值。目前临床最常用的方法是,白天(从6:00~22:00)每隔15~30min测一次血压,夜间(从22:00至次日6:00)每隔30~60min测定一次血压。这样24h可以测定36~72次收缩压、舒张压等指标。
(二)用ABPM监测数据计算BPV的方法
1.标准差方法 此方法以测定的24h血压平均值为基准,把各实测血压值与该基准值间的标准差作为血压波动的值。缺点是:不能区分具有相同振幅、相同平均值的血压平滑曲线和齿状曲线。即无法将生理性的血压昼夜节律变化与那些突发性、无规律的血压波动区分开。由于该方法操作简单,且安装在ABPM的操作系统中,是目前临床最常用的方法。
2.加权标准差法 考虑到血压昼夜节律变化和日、夜间血压对BPV所占的比重及其测量时间上的差异,在标准差法的基础上,通过加权计算,人为将日、夜间血压波动进行比例分配,将血压变化的标准值分为日间和夜间两个标准值,同时去除血压晨峰现象最常出现的6:00~8:00(2h)和夜间血压下降明显的时间段22:00~24:00(2h),以减少血压日高夜低和晨峰现象对血压波动的影响。采用公式
进行BPV计算。
3.平均血压变化测定法 该方法是用数学公式:
来计算血压波动的方法。
4.血压快速波动测量法 近来应用数学平滑曲线方法,通过公式:
对所测血压数据进行处理,首先获得符合每一个体血压变化的“趋势曲线”,随后计算实际测定的血压值与其趋势曲线间标准差的值来表示血压波动的大小的方法。
(三)评价
受试者可以在日常活动不受影响的情况下,动态监测24h血压的变化。与偶测血压相比,它能反映各个测量时间点的血压状况,可以对血压昼夜变化的规律、突发的、无规则的血压变化有所记录。由于袖带频繁充气、放气,会影响患者休息和被测肢体的活动,所测肢体的位置不当也会干扰测量结果,导致测量数值不准确。该方法只能每隔一段时间进行测量,不能反映连续、不间断的血压变化情况。
(段俊丽 苏定冯)
参考文献
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