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肺泡表面活性物质的主要成分

时间:2023-03-16 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:肺泡蛋白沉积症为一种原因不明的罕见肺部疾病。如临床上怀疑PAP,但不宜做支气管肺泡灌洗和开胸肺活检患者,血清SP-A和SP-D测定有临床诊断价值。PAP患者BALF检查对其诊断有特殊价值。BALF的生化检查以磷脂和蛋白占优势。当呼吸纯氧时,多数PAP患者静脉血分流量高达20%以上。PAP的主要病理改变是肺泡腔及细支气管内充满微小颗粒的PAS染色阳性的无细胞成分物质,这些PAS染色阳性物质只在肺泡腔和细支气管腔内出现,很少累积间质。

肺泡蛋白沉积症(Pulmaonary alveolar proteirosis,PAP)为一种原因不明的罕见肺部疾病。最早由美国病理学家Rosen等于1935年首次提出。它的显著病理学特征是肺泡腔内及远端细支气管内蓄积大量的PAS(过碘雪夫)染色阳性的磷脂及其各种表面活性蛋白(SP-A、B、C及D)等混合物。由于肺泡腔和小气道堆积过量的表面活性物质致使肺的通气和换气功能受到严重影响,导致进行性呼吸困难。PAP可分为原发性(特发性)和继发性两种类型。病因不明的称原发性;继发性分为3种类型:①继发于恶性肿瘤及其他导致患者免疫功能严重低下的疾病,最常见于血液系统恶性肿瘤,肺癌也可合并PAP;②肺部感染;③吸入某些无机矿物质或化学物质。

一、病因及发病机制

PAP可发生于各种年龄段,发病高峰年龄段为30~50岁,男性较女性多发,男女之比为3∶1,约有半数病例有家族性遗传倾向,表现为常染色体隐性遗传病,吸烟者发病率较高。原发性PAP较为少见。主要发生于婴幼儿和儿童。

PAP的发病机制尚不完全清楚。在生理状态下,由肺泡Ⅱ型细胞分泌合成肺表面活性物质,通过肺泡巨噬细胞Ⅱ型细胞内降解和再循环将其清除,保持动态平衡。但由于各种原因肺泡Ⅱ型细胞增殖活化,使合成分泌表面活性物质(磷脂)过多,或清除功能受损导致肺泡腔和小气道内过多的肺表面活性物质沉积,导致通气和换气功能障碍,出现呼吸困难和低氧血症。PAP患者肺Ⅱ型细胞分泌合成磷脂增多,再吸收减少,使肺泡巨噬细胞过多吞噬磷脂,导致肺泡巨噬细胞功能下降,如游走、黏附、吞噬及杀菌能力降低,增加PAP患者感染的危险性。近年的研究表明GM-CSF及其受体的异常可能是PAP发病的重要原因,GM-CSF在保持肺内表面活性物质的动态平衡中起到十分重要的作用,其作用主要是介导肺泡巨噬细胞对表面活性物质的清除。

二、临床表现

PAP分为原发性和继发性,发病多隐袭,典型症状为活动后气急,以后进展至休息时亦感气急,咳白色或黄色痰、乏力、消瘦。继发感染时,有发热、脓性痰。

三、实验室检查

血生化检查最常见有血清乳酸脱氢酶升高,大多数病例只有轻度升高,在BAL后自动恢复。血清LDH同工酶基本正常。血及BALF中肿瘤标记物CEA和CA199升高,但对诊断PAP无特殊意义。大多数PAP患者均有SP-A和SP-D升高。SP-A显著升高也见于特发性肺纤维化。血清SP-D明显升高只见于PAP。如临床上怀疑PAP,但不宜做支气管肺泡灌洗和开胸肺活检患者,血清SP-A和SP-D测定有临床诊断价值。血清抗GM-CSF抗体在特发性PAP患者中有较高滴度。

PAP患者BALF检查对其诊断有特殊价值。典型的PAP的BALF外观呈乳白色或离心后出现浓稠浅黄色沉淀物。在光镜下可见BALF中炎症细胞间有大量形态不规则,大小不等的嗜酸性颗粒样脂蛋白物质,PAS染色阳性,Aleine Blue染色阴性。BALF的生化检查以磷脂和蛋白占优势。

肺功能检查主要表现为轻中或重度限制性通气功能障碍。当继发呼吸道-肺感染时,也会出现轻度阻塞性通气功能障碍。当呼吸纯氧时,多数PAP患者静脉血分流量高达20%以上。血气分析表现为动脉氧分压和氧饱和度降低,二氧化碳分压亦可能轻度降低,pH多在正常范围,表现为有慢性呼吸性碱中毒,大约有1/3病人运动后血氧下降50%。

典型的胸部X线表现为从两肺门向外放散的弥漫细小的羽毛状或结节状阴影,有典型的“蝶翼征”酷似肺水肿但无肺水肿临床表现。HRCT有很高的诊断价值,其主要表现为两肺斑片状阴影,致密影中可见支气管气影征,边缘清晰、锐利,病灶与周围正常肺组织形成鲜明的对照,形成一种“地图”状,有时呈毛玻璃样改变,小叶间隙和间隔不规则增厚,表现为多角形态的“铺路石”征或“疯狂堆砌”(crazy paving)。

四、病理改变

PAP的主要病理改变是肺泡腔及细支气管内充满微小颗粒的PAS染色阳性的无细胞成分物质,这些PAS染色阳性物质只在肺泡腔和细支气管腔内出现,很少累积间质。肉眼观察病变肺组织表面有多发弥漫性黄或灰白色硬结节,整个肺组织重量明显增加,肺切面有黄白色液体渗出。

五、治疗措施

治疗主要以全肺灌洗为主,通过灌洗将沉积在肺泡表面的活性物质排除,从而改善肺通气和换气功能。抗生素、激素及任何药物均无效。由于全肺灌洗技术的应用,PAP患者的预后得到明显改善,有些患者需要重复多次全肺灌洗治疗,但仍有少数PAP患者病情呈进行性进展,最终死亡。

(李卫东)

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