透明细胞软骨肉瘤(clear cell chondrosarcoma)是软骨肉瘤中少见的一种亚型,为低度恶性,约占软骨肉瘤的2%。与其他软骨肉瘤不同,透明细胞软骨肉瘤通常多发于骨骺和干骺端,最常见的发病部位为股骨近端(约占68%),其次是肱骨近端(约占23%)。在男性中的发病率远高于女性。发病年龄多为30岁以后,最常见的年龄段为30-60岁。
1.病理特征 镜下所见肿瘤为叶状组织,有明显的软骨样基质区,软骨细胞较大,细胞质为透明或呈颗粒状,细胞核圆形,位于透明细胞质的中央。PAS染色强阳性,多形性明显,有丝分裂象少见。在分叶的周边,细胞多并可见反应性多核巨细胞,在这些细胞之间约50%的肿瘤可见分化好的软骨肉瘤细胞。有时在细胞间可有钙化(像软骨母细胞瘤中的一样),有时可见类骨质产物(反应性),有时这些可在细胞质中。
2.影像学检查 在X线平片上,透明细胞软骨肉瘤通常表现为有明确边界的透亮区域,以溶骨性改变为主,四周由明显的硬化骨围绕,约1/3的病例中可发现钙化和成骨。有文献指出,位于肱骨近端的病变看起来侵袭性更强,有时肱骨病变会表现为向骨干延伸,边界不清或发生病理性骨折。发生在椎体和扁平骨的透明细胞软骨肉瘤可表现为膨胀性生长或更具有侵袭性,周围软组织往往受累,一般没有钙化灶。CT和MRI在显示病灶髓内侵犯情况和皮质破坏情况以及软组织受累情况方面优于传统X线检查。
由于透明细胞软骨肉瘤的发病位置、X线表现和组织学表现类似于软骨母细胞瘤,因而不少学者提出假设,认为透明细胞软骨肉瘤是软骨母细胞瘤的恶性变异或者是软骨母细胞瘤恶变成透明细胞软骨肉瘤,但都没有能够提出相关的证据。两者可以通过MRI检查予以鉴别。软骨母细胞瘤在T1和T2加权像上一般为低信号强度,而透明细胞软骨肉瘤在T1加权像上表现为中等信号强度,T2加权像上为高信号强度。
3.治疗 本病以手术为主,病灶刮除或边缘切除术后病灶局部复发率高,一般推荐病灶广泛切除以降低复发率。因病灶多位于骨骺和干骺端,因此肿瘤切除术后往往需要进行关节重建。由于发生转移较晚且发生率并不高,不推荐进行辅助化疗。透明细胞软骨肉瘤对放疗不敏感。
(姚振均 张 弛)
参考文献
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