造釉细胞瘤(adamantinoma)是一种少见肿瘤,具有局部侵袭性和潜在转移性。Maier于1900年首次描述了这种疾病。这一肿瘤与常见的颌骨牙源性造釉细胞瘤很相似,但没有证据证明两者间存在密切的关联。
最初认为,造釉细胞瘤来源于胎儿残存细胞或由于创伤所致的基底细胞肉瘤,之后,随着电镜技术、免疫组化技术和细胞分析的完善,又相继排除了成血管细胞、滑膜细胞等可能的肿瘤来源,并证明了其上皮细胞的来源。
造釉细胞瘤可发生于任何年龄段,以10—40岁多见,其中男性发生率多于女性(男∶女为5∶4)。儿童和老年人相对少见。患者常有外伤史。
长管状骨是肿瘤的多发部位(97%),其中胫骨最多见(80%~85%),其次为肱骨(6%)、尺骨(4%)、股骨(3%)、腓骨(3%)和桡骨(1%),发生于肋骨、椎骨和手足处的骨少见。在长骨中,骨干病灶较多见,干骺端也可累及,但骨骺处的病变很少见到。有时也可有整块骨的累及,以及跨关节、软组织浸润和骨膜、皮质旁病灶。多发的病灶偶尔见于同一骨或两处以上,可同时或相继发生。
1.临床表现 局部肿胀是主要的表现,可伴或不伴疼痛。患者常在症状出现后数年才就医。一般病理性骨折少见。
2.影像学检查 X线平片上,在胫骨的肿瘤常位于中1/3段,呈中心性或偏心性,常侵及前侧皮质,病灶内部有小的腔隙形成,可轻度膨胀。病灶呈边缘光滑或粗糙的溶骨性透亮影,周围有硬化骨形成,并有小的卫星灶。有时在胫骨的病变还可见邻近的腓骨受累。偶尔可有皮质破坏、骨膜增生和软组织的浸润。典型的胫骨影像可作为造釉细胞瘤的诊断依据。发生在其他部位的病变X线平片特征均一致。
在MRI,T1像病灶表现为低信号,T2像为高信号,注射造影剂后病灶强化不明显。MRI检查的主要目的不是为了诊断该肿瘤,而是为探明病灶在骨内外的范围。
3.病理学表现
(1)肉眼观:肿瘤直径为3~5cm,位于髓内或皮质部分,可为单个、多个,或累计整块骨。切开见肿瘤呈分叶状,白色或灰白色,内有含黄色或血性液体的囊性区域。肿瘤橡皮样质韧或呈柔软的脑组织样。
(2)组织学特征:肿瘤由上皮成分和不同比例的骨纤维成分紧密混合而成。典型的造釉细胞瘤有4种形态:基底细胞型、鳞状细胞型、梭形细胞型和管状型。基底细胞型由类似基底细胞癌的上皮细胞巢组成,其周边是栅栏状排列的立方细胞,中央为星网状排列的疏松梭形细胞;鳞状细胞型包含角质透明蛋白颗粒和细胞间桥;梭形细胞型包含呈岛状的梭形细胞群,或梭形细胞充满整个区域,但没有类似间充质细胞和高分化纤维肉瘤的栅栏样排列;管状型由骰状或扁平状的细胞构成,排列在管状通道周围,有时其内含有红细胞,类似血管。造釉细胞瘤的纤维间质常还有良性表现的成纤维细胞,以车轮样或席纹状排列,类似于纤维细胞瘤、骨纤维瘤和纤维结构不良。
(3)免疫组化:肿瘤细胞表达vimentin、CK,间质成分表达vimentin。
4.诊断与鉴别诊断
(1)骨性纤维结构不良:骨性纤维结构不良(osteofibrous dysplasia)是一种婴儿和儿童期病变,而成釉细胞瘤在骨骼成熟前非常少见。影像学上两者非常类似,但造釉细胞瘤可以有骨质破坏、软组织内肿块等恶性征象,更重要的一点,虽然造釉细胞瘤可导致病理性骨折,但一般很少引起长骨的弯曲,这点在骨性纤维结构不良中很常见。病理学检验可明确鉴别两者(图16-11)。
图16-11 造釉细胞瘤和骨性纤维结构不良
A.胫骨中段造釉细胞瘤,显示前部骨的溶骨性区域,皮质变薄,结构不规则,但无软组织侵及;B.范围较大、破坏程度更大的造釉细胞瘤,病理性骨折线接近病变区,皮质变薄且不规则,但没有明显的扭曲;C.一名6岁儿童胫骨的骨性纤维结构不良,病变表现为造釉细胞瘤样,胫骨弯曲明显[引自:Roque P,Mankin HJ,Rosenberg A.Adamantinoma:an unusual bone tumour.Chir Organi Mov,2008,92(3):149-154]
(2)纤维结构不良:纤维结构不良(fibrous dysplasia)很少有侵袭性表现,并且呈中心性位置。造釉细胞瘤主要侵及前侧皮质。另外,纤维结构不良中几乎见不到溶骨性皮质缺损。免疫组化可明确鉴别二者。
5.治疗及预后 造釉细胞瘤是一种局部侵袭性肿瘤,有潜在转移性,所以在条件允许的情况下,首先选择手术治疗。根据病变侵犯的范围和部位,手术可采取肿块切除加植骨固定,一般效果较理想。少数情况下可采取截肢。若手术切除不彻底,肿瘤容易复发,复发的肿瘤其上皮成分更多,侵袭性更明显,生物学行为类似于肉瘤。约有25%的病例可发生转移且多转移至肺。患者10年生存率可达55%,有时转移或病死可发生在手术后10年以上,因此本病需长期随访。
(冯振洲 万盛成)
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