启动和维持室性心动过速和心室颤动的电生理机制包括自律性异常、触发活动和折返机制。尽管自律性异常、触发活动或两者同时存在可以启动和维持室性心动过速和心室颤动,但大多数情况仍是通过折返机制引起并维持这些心律失常。上述讨论的无创性心电检测技术通过检出对折返形成至关重要的心室传导和复极异常,或者检出触发心律失常的因素(如自主神经张力失衡),间接对SCD进行危险分层。虽然这些技术能不同程度的提供SCD预后方面的信息,但各技术均侧重心律失常发生的某一方面,故对SCD的预测有其局限性。
在当今能够对SCD进行预防的情况下,那些可以将SCD从总死亡中识别出来的危险分层技术则显得十分重要。已有的研究资料表明,LVEF≤30%~35%的患者能够从置入ICD中获益,对这部分患者需要找出高阴性预测值的危险分层方法以筛选出不需要置入ICD的患者,初步的研究提示T波电交替可能为一个很有潜力的指标。对于LVEF>35%的患者,我们需要应用其他的危险分层方法筛选SCD高危患者。最近,Cygankiewicz等对294例LVEF>35%的缺血性和非缺血性心力衰竭患者平均随访44个月,多变量分析发现,动态心电图上心率变异性(SDNN≤86ms)、窦性心率震荡(TS≤2.5ms/RR)和QT间期变异性(QTend/RR>0.21)3个指标是死亡的独立危险因素;≥2个以上指标异常的总死亡率为30%,SCD为12%,与LVEF≤35%的对照组相似。该研究提示对于LVEF>35%的缺血和非缺血心力衰竭患者,可以应用动态心电图指标组合筛选出SCD高危患者,这些患者可能从ICD治疗中获益。
最佳危险分层策略应该能够识别大部分即将发生心律失常猝死的患者,同时能够尽量排除那些不会发生猝死的患者。然而目前尚缺乏关于确立最佳危险分层策略的研究数据。今后的研究方向应当从目前诸多的危险分层指标中筛选出最佳联合指标和策略,并进行大规模、多中心前瞻性研究检验其有效性,最终达到在临床上广泛使用。
(郑兆通)
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