在汤显祖-莎士比亚文化高峰论坛上的专题报告

在汤显祖-莎士比亚文化高峰论坛上的专题报告_启航：汤显祖-莎士比亚文化交流合作

在汤显祖-莎士比亚文化高峰论坛上的专题报告

中共遂昌县委副书记　县长　张晓强

尊敬的戴安娜·欧文会长，卡萨齐专员，各位领导，各位专家，女士们，先生们：

下午好！

也许是历史的机缘巧合，16世纪末期，东西方出现了两位伟大的剧作家，即英国的莎士比亚和中国的汤显祖，他们不仅在同一年仙逝，而且在同一年被联合国教科文组织列为世界百位历史文化名人。今天，源于对两位大师的缅怀，我们相聚在遂昌，共同为传承、弘扬两位大师的文化精神而努力。下面，我代表中共遂昌县委、遂昌县人民政府对汤显祖，以及这些年我们在传承、弘扬汤显祖文化工作中所取得的成绩和付出的努力作个简单的介绍。

汤显祖（1550—1616），是中国明代著名的文学家、戏曲家。他的诗文和剧作在我国文学史上具有重要的影响，其代表作《牡丹亭》一直享誉文坛，驰名中外。汤显祖与遂昌有着十分深厚的历史渊源，在他一生十五年从政生涯中，有三分之一时间是在遂昌度过的。在任期间，他勤政爱民，兴教办学，劝农耕作，灭虎除害，深受遂昌人民的爱戴。汤显祖也十分喜爱遂昌的山水和百姓，曾称遂昌为仙县，自称是仙令。“山也清，水也清，人在山阴道上行，春云处处生；官也清，吏也清，村民无事到公庭，农歌三两声”正是当时社会生活的生动写照。

“留得山城遗爱在，迎春岁岁入歌谣。”遂昌对汤显祖和《牡丹亭》的研究由来已久，我们以“汤显祖世界文化名人、《牡丹亭》世界文化名著、昆曲世界文化遗产”为依托，不遗余力地打造汤显祖文化品牌，取得了明显成效。建成遂昌汤显祖纪念馆；制定出台《遂昌县汤显祖文化发展规划》；成立遂昌民间文化艺术传承中心；成立中国戏曲学会汤显祖研究分会，举办汤显祖国际学术研讨会；举办三届“汤显祖文化”节；跟汤显祖有直接渊源的民俗“班春劝农”和传统音乐“昆曲十番”双双入选国家级非物质文化遗产名录，以《牡丹亭》为代表剧目的昆曲艺术列入世界级非物质文化遗产名录；与英国斯特拉夫德艾文学院签定合作备忘录，达成共同举办2016年莎士比亚和汤显祖逝世400周年纪念活动意向。如今，遂昌已成为传播和推广汤显祖文化的中心和基地，汤显祖文化得到了前所未有的关注和研究。正是因为汤显祖文化的催化，遂昌县域经济正日益迸发出旺盛的生机和活力。

我们将汤显祖文化与遂昌人文景观、自然山水资源有机整合，全面推进和发展遂昌文化旅游产业，并开发一系列“汤显祖文化”旅游产品，使之成为遂昌县第三产业新的经济增长点。经济的发展，同样为文化繁荣打下了坚实的物质基础。我们以实施培育特色文化品牌工程、文化研究工程、文化保护修葺工程、文化阵地建设工程、文化产业促进工程、文化传媒建设工程、提升公民文明素质工程等“七大工程”为重点，大力发展具有遂昌特色的先进文化，县域文化软实力不断增强。

汤显祖与《牡丹亭》是遂昌的骄傲，弘扬汤显祖文化，是历史赋予遂昌人民的光荣使命。今后，我们将以《汤显祖文化发展规划》为蓝图，按照保护和发展并举、山水和文化共融、规划和理念先行的原则，依托“汤显祖世界文化名人、《牡丹亭》世界文化名著、昆曲世界文化遗产”这三大世界文化品牌，通过学术研究活动、遗迹修葺和复建、文化艺术活动、汤显祖文化旅游等构筑“汤显祖文化”支柱体系，循序渐进，加快形成立体的遂昌大文化发展格局。

一是着力推进汤显祖文化的传承发展。在学术研究方面，充分利用“《牡丹亭》原创圣地”这一品牌，全力打造汤显祖文化研究中心和晚明文化研究中心，构筑起一个沟通、交流和展示研究成果的平台，使遂昌真正成为海内外“汤学”研究者、爱好者关注、研究和纪念汤显祖的一大基地。在遗迹修缮和复建方面，坚持“保护为主、抢救第一、合理利用、加强管理”的文物保护方针，重视汤显祖遗迹及古建筑保护与复建，在遂昌县城内建设以汤显祖文化为内容的建筑小品、城市雕塑、主题公园，营造汤显祖文化氛围，提升城市文化品位。在文化活动方面，充分发挥遂昌民间文化艺术传承中心的作用，积极开展班春劝农、昆曲十番、《牡丹亭》折子戏等文化艺术活动，在满足广大人民群众日益提高的文化生活需求的同时，也成为打造遂昌汤显祖文化的基础和原动力。

二是着力推进文化与产业的融合发展。围绕仙县文化旅游品牌打造，不断探索和深化节庆文化常态化、传统文化产业化、群众文化职业化，以汤显祖文化为主线，以农耕文化、红色文化、黄金文化、竹炭文化、民俗文化等为支撑，以项目化、市场化为导向，积极办好以农事活动、民俗文化、经济产业等为内容的各类特色节庆活动，加快文化与产业的融合，进一步促进文化惠民，着力打造“健康、快乐、休闲”的遂昌。比如，在保护与传承汤显祖文化的基础上，着力开辟汤显祖文化旅游，使参观汤显祖纪念馆、欣赏戏曲演出、聆听十番古乐、走进遂昌古迹、探寻地方民俗文化、品尝汤公美食成为一个整体，加快推进特色文化旅游产业的发展。

三是着力推进文化交流，实现共赢发展。要集中力量打造“汤显祖文化共同体”，在与汤显祖出生地江西省抚州市临川区、《牡丹亭》故事发生地江西省大余县、汤显祖贬官地广东省徐闻县结为友好县市的基础上，进一步加强文化交流与往来，促成“三省四地”共同弘扬中华民族优秀传统文化，不断扩大汤显祖文化的影响力和知名度；要集中力量加快汤显祖文化“走出中国、走向世界”的步伐，以中英人员互访、学术交流合作为契机，深入开展交流与合作，加快推动遂昌与斯特拉夫德缔结友好城市的步伐，全力做好汤显祖和莎士比亚两位世界文化名人逝世400周年纪念活动。

缅怀先哲祈盼绝响有继，传承文化中英共谱华章。

各位领导、各位专家，女士们、先生们，文化是民族的，也是世界的，任何一个国家都应当积极推动本民族的优秀传统文化更好地走向世界，提高其国际影响力。随着莎士比亚和汤显祖去世400周年时间日渐临近，我愈发感到缅怀和传承两位大师及其文化的意义和价值。在这里，我想引用中国已故著名汤学专家徐朔方先生的一句话作为结束：“我深信只有对自己民族文化具有不可动摇的自豪感的人，才能充分评价别民族的伟大成就而不妄自菲薄。一个最有信心的民族也一定最善于向别的民族学习，而不骄傲自满。”一是表达对徐老先生的怀念，感谢他为弘扬汤显祖文化所做的巨大贡献；二是想表达一种信心，抒发一种愿景，希望两地以文化为媒，进一步扩大交流，深化合作，携手共进，共创辉煌。

A Special Report

for Summit Forum on Tang Xianzu-Shakespeare Culture

Zhang Xiaoqiang, County Magistrate

Deputy Secretary of Chinese Communist Committee of Suichang County

Respected Chair Ms. Diana Owen, Mr. Casacchi, all the Leaders, Experts, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Good Afternoon!

Maybe it was a coincidence in history that two great playwrights arose in the East and West worlds in the late 16^th century. They were Britain’s Shakespeare and China’s Tang Xianzu.　Not only they passed away in the same year, but also were listed among the 100 world cultural celebrities by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Today, in reminiscing these two great masters, we are gathered together in Suichang to commemorate their cultures and spirit. Now on behalf of Chinese Communist Committee of Suichang County and the People’s Government, I would like to introduce Tang Xianzu and the achievements we have made to promote and develop Tang Xianzu Culture in recent years.

Tang Xianzu (1550—1616) was a famous litterateur and dramatist in the period of the Ming Dynasty in China. His poems and dramas inserted an important influence upon Chinese history of literature. His masterpiece The Peony Pavilion gained literary fame at home and abroad. Tang Xianzu had a very close relationship with Suichang. In one thirds of his 15 years of political life, he lived in Suichang. During his administration, he held benevolent policies to his people, encouraged farmers to work in the fields, set up schools to educate the local people, protect his people from mountain tigers. He was deeply loved by Suichang people. Tang Xianzu also devoted deep feelings to Suichang mountains and water and his people.　He called Suichang a fairyland and entitled himself as the governor of the fairyland county. Here is the poem which vividly reflects the social life of the time:

“Green are mountains,

Clean are waters,

Walking on small mountain paths,

You are surrounded by spring clouds.

Honest is the governor,

Clean are the officials

Villagers popping around the government court

With no sues but farming songs.”

“The Mountain Town witnesses the people’s love,

Every spring is welcomed by folk songs.”

Suichang has a history of the researches on Tang Xianzu and his The Peony Pavilion. And with his fames as a world cultural celebrity and his famous masterpiece of world culture The Peony Pavilion, we have been taking great efforts to forge the brand-name of Tang Xianxu Culture and achieved effective results. Suichang Tang Xianxu Memorial Hall was built; Suichang Development Plans for Tang Xianzu Culture was made; Suichang Center of Folk Culture and Arts was established; Tang Xianzu Research Society of Chinese Drama Association was set up; International Symposiums on Tang Xianzu were held; three Festivals for Tang Xianzu Culture were organized. The local custom “Spring Farming Encouragement” and folk music “Kun Opera Shi Fan” both entered into the protection list of National Intangible Cultural Heritage, and Kun Opera represented by the play The Peony Pavilion was listed as a World Intangible Cultural Heritage. We signed the Memo of Cooperation with Stratford-upon-Oven College in Britain and reached an Intent to jointly hold the 400^th anniversary of Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu in 2016. Today, Suichang has become a center and base to popularize Tang Xianzu Culture, which attracts great attentions and studies. It is under such an impetus that the economy around Suichang County is showing its vigor and vitality.

We integrate Tang Xianzu Culture with Suichang man-made landscape and natural resources of mountains and water to develop Suichang cultural industry and tourism. We open up a series of tourist products of “Tang Xianzu Culture” which becomes a new economic growth of the tertiary industry in Suichang County. Its economic development lays a solid material basis for cultural flourishing. By activating such key projects as cultivation of distinctive brand-names, cultural researches, culture preservations, construction of culture fronts, promotion of culture industry, construction of mass media, and upgrading the moral standards for its residents, we fully have developed an advanced culture with Suichang distinctions and are strengthening our cultural power in and around the county.

Tang Xianzu and his The Peony Pavilion are the proud of Suichang. It is a glorious mission for Suichang people to promote Tang Xianzu Culture. We have made an blueprint according to the Developing Plan of Tang Xianzu Culture. Following the principles of “emphasizing both protection and development, coexistence of culture and nature, publicizing plans and ideas”, based on our three world cultural brand-names, i.e., World Cultural Celebrity Tang Xianzu, World Cultural Masterpiece The Peony Pavilion, and World Cultural Relics Kun Opera, we use academic researches, preservations of historic relics, cultural and artistic activities, and tours of Tang Xianzu Culture to form step by step a system of Tang Xianzu Culture, and to speed up the lay-out of Suichang cultural Development.

First, to promote the cultural inheritance and development of Tang Xianzu Culture. In academic researches, we shall take full advantage of the brand-name – the original shrine of The Peony Pavilion, to construct the research centers of Tang Xianzu Culture and Late Ming Culture, to provide a platform for communication, exchange and exhibition of research achievements, and make Suichang a great base for researchers and scholars to study and commemorate Tang Xianzu. In preservation and repairing, we adhere to the principles of preservation of cultural relics, i.e. “Protection, Rescue, Rational Use and Effective Management”, to attach great importance to Tang Xianzu’s relics and to preserve and repair ancient buildings. Within the downtown areas of Suichang county, we shall construct buildings, sculptures, theme parks to create an atmosphere of Tang Xianzu Culture and to raise the quality of city culture. In cultural life, we shall make the best use of the Suichang Folk Culture and Arts Center to organize such cultural and artistic activities of　Spring Farming Encouragement, Kun Opera Sanfan, the Play The Peony Pavilion, etc., so as to meet the rising needs of the people in their cultural life and to forge the base and motive force of Suichang Tang Xianzu Culture.

Secondly, to promote the coordinate development of culture and industry. We shall forge the brand-name of the fairyland culture tourism and further develop festival culture, traditional culture industry, mass culture. We take Tang Xianzu Culture as the paramount culture, supported by other cultures of farming, Red revolutions, Gold Mine, Bamboo charcoal and folklore, to organize distinctive festival activities of agriculture, local culture and economic trades through marketing and projecting. In this way, we speed up the coordinate development of culture and industry, further enhance the people’s benefits from culture, and make Suichang a “healthy, happy and leisure” county. For example, in the base of inheritance and preservation of Tang Xianzu Culture, we take efforts to open up Tang Xianzu Culture Tours which combine

such activities as visiting Tang Xianzu Memorial Hall, watching plays, listening Shi Fan Classic Music, discovering Suichang relics, searching folklore, eating Tang’s fine food, and to speed up the development of our distinctive culture tourism and industry.

Thirdly, to promote cultural exchanges and win-win growths. We shall concentrate our efforts to build “Tang Xianzu Culture Community”. We shall strengthen cultural exchanges and sister-relationships with the Lingchuan Region of Fuzhou City in Jiangxi Province (Tang Xianzu’s birthplace), Dayu County, Jiangxi Province (the original shine of the story The Peony Pavilion), and Xuwen County in Guangdong Province (the place of Tang Xianzu’s demotion), jointly advocating the fine traditional culture of Chinese people in “the four locations in the three provinces” and expanding the influence and popularity of Tang Xianzu Culture. We shall concentrate our efforts to speed up the publicity of “letting Tang Xianzu Culture known in China and in the World”. Through exchange visits, academic exchanges and cooperation between Chinese and British peoples, we shall promote the sister-city relationship between Suichang and Stratford-upon-Oven, and prepare to the best of our ability the 400^th anniversary of the two world cultural celebrities Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare.

Commemorating ancient sages, we expect excellent followers; Promulgating cultures China and Britain together write new chapters.　Respected leaders and experts, Ladies and Gentlemen, Culture is national as well as international. Any country will actively develop its excellent traditional culture and let it known to the world, so as to raise its international influence. With the 400^th anniversary of Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare is drawing near, we deeply feel the importance and value to commemorate the two great masters and their cultures. Now I would like to conclude my report with a remark by Xu Shufang, a Chinese famous expert of Tang Xianzu Studies: “ I deeply believe that only those who have indestructible faith in their own national culture can fully evaluate other nations’ great achievements without being conceited or belittling themselves. A nation with self-confidence is surely good at learning from other nations without conceit and complacency.” In this way, I commemorate Mr. Xu and his great contributions to advocate Tang Xianzu Culture; Secondly I would like to express a confidence, a hope that in developing cultures our exchanges and cooperation will be further expanded, to advance towards and build a brilliant future together.

Shakespeare ＆ Stratford: Cultural Relevance in the 21^st Century

By Dr Diana Owen

Director, Shakespeare Birthplace Trust,

Stratford upon Avon

Why is Shakespeare so popular worldwide and how has that impacted his hometown of Stratford upon Avon in the United Kingdom? These two questions are inextricably linked and this paper will examine that relationship and consider how Shakespeare and Stratford are continuing to develop over 400 years after the writer’s birth and the significance of universal cultural value in the twenty first century.

It was not until nearly 100 years after Shakespeare’s death in 1616 that the first pilgrims started to come to Stratford. The development of the town as a literary shrine was a gradual process which depended on a number of cultural, social and technological developments in the 18^th and 19^th centuries. There were four key components that needed to be in place to establish Stratford as a literary shrine:

● widespread recognition of Shakespeare’s genius

● information about his many links with Stratford needed to be disseminated and known

● ease of travel to the town

● creation of a social climate that valued visiting historic sites as a leisure pursuit.

For the first 100 years after 1616, the potential size of Shakespeare’s readership was limited by the cost and relatively modest number of his works in print, by low literacy levels and an educational system that did not embrace ‘modern’ literature. No biography existed that might give an account of his family background and thereby generate a curiosity about the places in which he lived and worked. Travel was slow and arduous and people did not travel for pleasure.

At first for those that did come to Stratford to seek Shakespeare, their interest was exclusively concentrated on the Church where he is buried. This was a public building and therefore open to the public. At that time the small number of people that were interested in places associated with the famous was attracted to where they were buried, rather than to where they were born – especially, as in Shakespeare’s case, an epitaph and a portrait bust were also present in the church. About 150 years after Shakespeare’s death we begin to see more and more accounts of visits to his birthplace, and to the other sites in Stratford associated with him. There was uproar in the town when New Place, the house that Shakespeare had bought and lived in for the last 16 years of his life, was pulled down reflecting the growing awareness in the town of Shakespeare’s significance and value.

This growing recognition coincided with new editions of Shakespeare’s works which made Shakespeare a widely read author for the first time and established him as a classic and important writer. Alongside this, Shakespeare’s biography began to be recorded, publicised and sought. By the late 18^th century, the first printed image of the Birthplace appeared and an article on the house.

There was also a growing interest in historical studies and especially those that validated a sense of national supremacy. Shakespeare began to be seen as representing all that was glorious about the world of English literature and his statue was erected in Westminster Abbey, London.

Even more importantly, the most famous actor of his time, David Garrick was hugely responsible for popularising Shakespeare and making him into a cult figure; in 1759 Garrick united the build up of interest which had been gathering by staging his famous Shakespeare Jubilee or Festival. This one event did much to promote and to establish Stratford as Shakespeare’s town.

The Festival included three days of celebrations in the town, attended by many from London and even further away and this was only made possible by the improvement of the roads which enabled coaches to bring large numbers to the town. The coaching age also encouraged a fashion for taking tours to visit historic sites and landscapes – especially those associated with famous figures from the past.

In 1812 a visitor book was started at Shakespeare’s Birthplace and in 1813 and 1814, the visitor books record 700 people each year signing the book. The numbers of visitors grew steadily and by the early 1850’s there were 2,500 every year. It was not until the 1900’s that the number exceeded 30,000 per annum. The coming of the railway led to a great increase in the numbers and diversity of visitors – not just the affluent, but also the middle class and day trippers from local conurbations.

The gathering pace of industrialisation also led to a growing movement to safeguard historic buildings and notable landscapes. There was an increasing sensitivity to preserving the past at a time of rapid change which led to legislative protection being introduced and the founding of bodies such as the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. In Stratford the second half of nineteenth century saw a concerted effort to preserve the town’s Shakespearian heritage inspired by the view that Shakespeare was a national treasure who commanded the attention of the civilised world.

In 1847 Shakespeare’s birthplace was purchased as a national memorial after a national campaign – Shakespeare had become the nation’s poet and the embodiment of British pride, a unique cultural asset exportable worldwide. With the growth of literacy and educational opportunity, many homes boasted a copy of Shakespeare’s works alongside the Bible. The spread of the English language and British political engagement worldwide created the conditions for the further reach of Shakespeare’s works to new international audiences.

Responsibility for the Birthplace passed to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in the 1850’s and further moves were made to protect other Shakespearian sites – New Place, his last home in Stratford and where he had died and Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, his wife’s family home. Today we are fortunate　that so much of his physical legacy survives virtually intact – the home of the glove maker and mayor under whose roof he grew up, the school room that he almost certainly learnt in, the chapel in which he said his prayers with his schoolmates, the hall where he saw his first play, the farmhouse where his future wife lived, the church where he and his children were baptised, whose services he attended and where he was buried, the garden that he bought, the bridge that he crossed on his many journeys from London. It is a unique assemblage of buildings associated with a writer from the sixteenth century.

But the real growth in numbers of visitors that happened in the twentieth century was made possible by the transformation of transport – cars, buses, passenger ships and then aeroplanes –all making it much more possible to visit this small rural market town. In 2010 the Birthplace welcomed its 25^th millionth visitor and we have about 760,000 visitors to the five houses every year, half of those from outside the UK. Our guide book is now available in 7 languages, including Mandarin Chinese which is the fastest selling of all the foreign language versions.

In the 21^st century we face a number of challenges and one of those is the need to change internally to recognise how our relationship with our audiences has shifted fundamentally. Museums and institutions have to change continually and increasingly be informed by their audiences – preserving and collecting can no longer be an end in itself. A recent definition of the role of museums said that:

英国莎士比亚出生地基金会会长戴安娜·欧文在“汤显祖-莎士比亚文化高峰论坛暨汤显祖和晚明文化学术研讨会”上发表主题演讲

‘a museum should be capable not only of speaking, but also of listening to its audiences…. It is, ultimately, a museum which values as ‘heritage’ not only objects or collections, but first and foremost individuals and the richness they embody: stories, ideas, emotions, desires, fears and hopes.’

To do this, we are transforming our presentation of Shakespeare in the houses and on-line and will engage with our audiences in a truly participative framework. At the Birthplace we will increasingly celebrate its role as a global cultural meeting place that enriches lives by exploring universal cultural values through Shakespeare’s works. Creativity and an appetite for knowledge will be encouraged through exploring the contemporary relevance of Shakespeare’s works in partnership with writers, artists, and wide-ranging audiences worldwide.

Essentially we recognize that we are in the people business – we are about people and their responses to Shakespeare.　And we know that people no longer want to be talked at or even to – they want to share the conversation, be part of the dialogue, have their views heard and their experiences valued equally. This also means that we will celebrate other writers, Shakespeare’s contemporaries and those that have been influenced by Shakespeare’s works over the last 400 years. For in this way we can reach even wider audiences and draw the links between one writer or artist and another.

Neither Shakespeare nor Tang Xianzu knew of the others’ existence; the worlds in which they wrote could not have been more different in their geography, economic and political structures. Yet each playwright is remarkable, not only for the admired aesthetic qualities of their individual works, but because both have enjoyed a cultural after-life.

The exceptional open-endedness of Shakespeare’s works, their scope for multiple interpretations and their capacity for adaptation in the multiple forms, languages and technologies of the modern age has ensured their continuing longevity and relevance. The cultural landscape that we work in now is truly globalised especially through the internet and the emerging technologies of social media.

The modern connection between the two playwrights is that both represent the cultural resources that are deployed in their respective nations’ ideas of a national culture; both were disseminated in print and in changing forms of theatre and both have a rich history of transmission that has created myths through which their plays are read in the present day.

And it is the enduring appeal of Shakespeare’s plays and poems that have kept generation after generation visiting his hometown as a pilgrimage to a literary shrine.　The seemingly inexhaustible capacity of his plays to give, in all historical periods delight, consolation and insight into so many human dealings, has ensured that the name of Stratford remains synonymous with Shakespeare.

The 400^th anniversary in 2016 of the deaths of both Shakespeare and Tang Xianzu represents a great opportunity to bring these two writers and their audiences together and thereby also bring closer together our two nations and recognise our shared human heritage.