莎士比亚研究

浙江大学的汤显祖、莎士比亚研究

浙江大学人文学院　楼含松

汤显祖和莎士比亚，这两位伟大的剧作家，在同一时代，在世界的东方和西方，通过对社会的深刻探索，创作出了富于人性光辉的剧本，为人类文明增添了宝贵的财富。具有戏剧性的是，他们是在同一年（公元1616年）离开这个世界。这种巧合，让后人很自然地将他们联系在一起，进行比较和研究。这也是各位齐聚遂昌、共同研究探讨的缘由。作为浙江大学的学者，回顾半个多世纪以来中国学术界有关汤显祖、莎士比亚研究的历程，我想选择这样一个角度，就是向各位简要介绍浙江大学的学者在汤显祖和莎士比亚研究中所做的成绩，以及目前在推进的一些工作。

我首先要介绍的是戚叔含教授（1898—1979）。戚叔含早年就读于南京的东南大学，攻读中国文学，直接受到著名戏曲学家吴梅先生的教诲。后来，他赴美国斯坦福大学留学，专攻英国文学，以莎士比亚研究论文获得硕士学位。1927年回国后，先后在上海、安徽等地大学任教，抗争胜利后，他应浙大校长竺可桢邀请，到浙江大学任教，并代理外文系主任。1953年后，担任复旦大学教授。

戚叔含是中国最早研究莎士比亚的学者之一，值得注意的是，他非常注重运用比较研究的方法。他对中国传统戏曲非常关注，尤其对汤显祖的《牡丹亭》有十分深入的研究，有数万字的《牡丹亭》札记。据当年听过他课的学生回忆，早在四十年代，他就曾经把莎土比亚与汤显祖作过比较。他指出，两位大师，都以极大的热情，歌颂纯真的天性，赞美青年男女对自由爱恋的生死执着和热切渴求。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》与《牡丹亭》的主题是接近的。他对此概括地指出：一、16世纪是人性的觉醒，是从宗教、封建统治的桎梏下争取解放的伟大时代，是人类历史进入民主时代的黎明期。二、从文学发展史来看，冲破禁锢，追求理想，描绘绚丽远景的浪漫主义，必将取代已经僵化了的古典主义。

戚叔含教授说自己是“述而不作”，生前极少发表研究著作。但他的一位学生，深受他的影响，日后成为研究汤显祖的权威学者，他就是浙江大学中文系的徐朔方教授（1923—2007）。徐先生1943年考入浙江大学中文系，一年后，转学到英文系，他最喜欢的课，就是戚叔含的“英国文学史”和“英国诗歌选”。19世纪五十年代，徐朔方先生的《汤显祖年谱》、《〈牡丹亭〉校注》等重要著作问世，将汤显祖研究向前推进了一大步。1963年，徐先生就撰写了《汤显祖和莎士比亚》一文，但一直到1978年才正式发表。在这篇文章中，徐先生通过对两位剧作家创作异同的比较，深刻揭示了他们各自的民族文学传统和两位大师的杰出成就。此后，徐先生还有《莎士比亚和中国戏曲》一文，进一步对中国戏曲传统与莎士比亚戏剧进行了比较研究。徐先生关于汤显祖和莎士比亚的研究，是1949年后中国大陆最早的比较文学研究成果，这与徐先生学贯中西的学术素养和敏锐的学术眼光分不开，同时也得益于其老师戚叔含的启发，是薪火相传的一段学术佳话。

中国莎士比亚研究的学者中，还有一位重要人物，就是浙江大学的张君川教授（1912—1996）。张君川教授1937年毕业于清华大学研究院，1940年到浙江大学任教。他是驰名中外的莎士比亚研究专家，是中国莎士比亚研究会的发起人之一并担任常务副会长。1986年，首届中国莎士比亚戏剧节在北京和上海同时举行，十四天内上演二十九台莎剧，规模空前，影响巨大。张君川先生担任了上海方面的重要主持人，他参加了戏剧节的全过程，对戏剧节的剧目安排、学术研讨和中外交流诸方面的工作都作了具体的指导，为戏剧节的成功举行做出了重要的贡献。张君川教授主编有《莎士比亚辞典》并撰写有大量研究论文。尤其重要的是，张先生的学术活动包括了对莎士比亚戏剧在中国的舞台演出的推广和研究。

还需要指出的是，《莎士比亚全集》中译本之一的译者朱生豪先生（1912—1944），是浙江大学毕业生。朱生豪为翻译莎士比亚而积劳成疾，英年早逝。他的译本，是影响最大、也被公认为最能体现莎士比亚戏剧神韵、最富有文采的中译本。

时至今日，浙大老一辈学者的学术传统没有中断，浙江大学有不少学者持续进行有关汤显祖和莎士比亚的研究。

我们意识到，优秀的文化需要得到有效的传播，这样才能发挥更大的作用。为此，我们积极推动遂昌和斯特拉夫德市（Stratford-upon-Avon）的交流。这一倡议得到了遂昌和斯特拉夫德市政府的积极响应。2010年6月19日，以遂昌县县委书记葛学斌为团长，遂昌县文化局局长张水源、遂昌县汤显祖研究会会长朱旭明、浙江大学人文学院廖可斌教授、徐永明副教授为成员组成的文化交流考察团一行五人，赴英国开展文化交流访问活动，取得了圆满成功。浙江大学人文学院与伦敦大学亚非学院语言与文化学院就会同遂昌和莎士比亚故里斯特拉夫德市共同举办莎翁和汤翁的戏剧文化合作交流活动、两院师生的学术合作和交流互访、硕士博士的联合培养等问题达成共识，双方会后签署了合作框架协议和备忘录。考察团一行与莎士比亚故里斯特拉夫德市就加强文化交流合作形成共识。在市长Shelagh Sandle的建议和牵线下，考察团与斯特拉夫德艾文学院签署了建立友好合作关系并推动双方文化、教育交流和合作的备忘录。

今天的会议，就是两地文化交流的一项成果。接着，遂昌县人民政府代表团将应邀参加2011年4月在英国举行的莎士比亚诞辰纪念活动。

在此，我代表浙江大学人文学院，感谢为促进这一文化交流活动而付出巨大努力的遂昌和斯特拉夫德的领导，还有伦敦大学亚非学院、斯特拉夫德市艾文学院、莎士比亚出生地基金会、莎士比亚出生地研究会等机构的各位专家学者。

我们有理由相信，在大家共同努力下，汤显祖和莎士比亚研究将会取得更加丰硕的成果，遂昌和斯特拉夫德两地的交流将会更加频繁，中英两国的优秀文化将会在更大范围内得到传播！

Research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare in Zhejiang University

Lou Hansong

College of Humanities, Zhejiang University

Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare, two great playwrights, both created play scripts filled with the glory of humanity by their deep exploration to their own societies in the eastern and western world, and contributed precious wealth to human civilizations. Something dramatic is that they passed away from the world at the same year (in 1616). The coincidence makes it natural for researchers to compare and study them. That’s why we get together in Suichang today and do our collective researches on them. As a scholar in Zhejiang University, to review the research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare in Chinese academic circle in the past fifty years, I would like to choose my own angle. That is a brief introduction about the research achievements on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare done by scholars in Zhejiang University and its recent work.

I would like to start with Professor Qi Shuhan (1898—1979). Qi Shuhan was educated at the Southeast University in Nanjing at his early age. He majored in Chinese literature and was under the direct guidance of Mr. Wu Mei, a famous scholar in opera. Later on, he went to Stanford University in America for further education and majored in English literature. He won his Master degree with a dissertation on Shakespeare. He returned to China in 1927, and once held teaching positions in universities in Shanghai and Anhui province. After the anti-Japanese war, he was invited to teach in Zhejiang university by its president—Zu Kezhen and was appointed as the acting dean of the department of foreign languages. After 1953, he was a professor in Fudan University.

Qi Shuhan was one of the earliest researchers on Shakespeare in China. It should be noted that he laid much emphasis on comparative research method. He paid close attention to Chinese traditional operas and committed a special and deep research on The Peony Pavilion. He once wrote the reading note on The Peony Pavilion in tens of thousands of characters. According to the memory of his former students who ever attended his classes, he made a comparison between Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare as early as in the 1940s. He pointed out that two great playwrights enthusiastically eulogized pure human nature and praised the eagerness and obsession for free love of the youngsters. Romeo and Juliet is very similar in theme with The Peony Pavilion. He pointed out in his conclusion: 1. The 16^th century is the period of awakening humanity. It’s a great period for people to fight for their liberation from the shackles of religion and feudal regime. It’s the dawning period that mankind entered the age of democracy. 2. From the perspective of the history of literature development, romanticism which emphasizes breaking of shackles, great dreams and bright future will surely take the place of the fossilized classicism.

Professor Qi Shuhan described himself as one who “lectures but never writes” . He published few research works in his lifetime. But one of his students, who were deeply influenced by him, became an authoritative scholar on the research of Tang Xianzu. He is Professor Xu Suofang (1923—2007) in the Department of Chinese in　Zhejiang University. Mr. Xu was admitted to the Department of Chinese in Zhejiang University in 1943. One year later, he transferred himself to the Department of English. And his favorite courses were History of English Literature and Anthology of English Poems offered by Qi Shuhan. In the 1950s, Chronicle of Tang Xianzu and Annotation of The Peony Pavilion written by Mr. Xu Shuofang were in print which pushed a big step forward on the research of Tang Xianzu. In 1963, Mr. Xu finished his article entitled Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare but didn’t get it published until 1978. In the article, Mr. Xu revealed the traditional folk literature customs in two countries and the outstanding achievements done by the two great playwrights through his comparison on the similarities and differences of their works. In addition, Mr. Xu furthered his comparison research between Chinese traditional operas and Shakespeare’s plays in his article: Shakespeare and Chinese Plays. The research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare committed by Mr. Xu was the earliest academic achievement on literature comparison in mainland China after 1949. It is indispensable from Mr Xu’s knowledgeable academic background and his sharp academic insights. Meanwhile, he also benefited from his teacher Qi Shuhan’s instruction. It is an academic anecdote of passing the torch of knowledge from one generation to another.

Among all the Shakespeare researchers in China, we have another important man. That is Professor Zhang Junchuan (1912—1999) in Zhejiang University. Professor Zhang Junchuan graduated from the Graduate College of Tsinghua University in 1937 and became a teacher in Zhejiang University in 1940. He was an　expert on the research of Shakespeare known at home and abroad. He was the initiator of the Research Association of Shakespeare in China and was elected as the executive vice-chairman of the association. In 1986, the first China Shakespeare Drama Festival was held in Beijing and Shanghai simultaneously. 29 Shakespeare dramas were performed on the stage within 14 days. Such an unprecedented scale produced great influence. Mr. Zhang Junchuan was an important organizer in Shanghai. He took part in the whole course of the drama festival and gave detailed instructions on the choice of plays, academic symposium and communication activities between home and abroad in the drama festival. He made an important contribution to the success of the drama festival. Professor Zhang Junchuan was the chief editor of Shakespeare Dictionary and published plenty of research papers. What’s more, Mr. Zhang’s academic activities included the promotion and research on stage performance in China of Shakespeare’s plays.

What must be pointed out is Mr. Zhu Shenghao (1912—1944), one of the translators of the Chinese version of The Complete Works of Shakespeare, was a graduate from Zhejiang University. Zhu Shenghao fell ill from overwork because of　translating Shakespeare’s works. He died young. But his version was the most influential and was publicly acknowledged as the best to convey the verve and glamour of Shakespeare’s plays.

Up to this day, the academic tradition of the older generation of scholars in Zhejiang University have never broken off. Many scholars in Zhejiang University continue their research on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare.

We all understand that excellent culture needs to be effectively disseminated so as that it will play a more important role. That’s why we are very active in promoting the communication between Suichang county and Stratford-upon-Avon City. And the proposal received positive responses both from Suichang county and Stratford-upon-Avon government. On June 19^th, 2010, headed by Ge Xuebin, general secretary of Suichang Communist Party Committee, a five-people culture inspection delegation went to Britain to commit visiting and cultural communication activities and achieved a great success. The other four members of the visiting group　were Zhang Shuiyuan, director of Suichang Culture Bureau; Zhu Xuming, chairman of Suichang Tang Xianzu Research Association; Liao Kebin, professor in the School of Humanity in Zhejiang University and Xu Yongming, associate professor in the School of Humanity in Zhejiang University. The Humanity School of Zhejiang University reached a consensus with the Department of Language and culture　of the Asian and African School in London University about jointly holding drama culture communication activities of Shakespeare’s and Tang Xianzu’s plays in their hometowns, academic cooperation and visits between the teachers and students of the two universities and jointly training graduates and Ph.Ds. The two sides also signed cooperative framework agreement and memos. The inspection group came up with the consensus that the cultural communication and cooperation with Stratford-upon-Avon, Shakespeare’s hometown, should be strengthened. Under the proposal and coordination of Shelagh Sandle mayor, the group signed a memo with Stratford-upon-Avon College of Letters on establishing friendly cooperation relationship and promoting the communication and cooperation in culture and education between the two sides.

Today’s conference is one of the achievements of cultural communication between the two sides. After that, a delegation of Suichang People’s government will be invited to attend the memorial activities in honor of Shakespeare to be held in England.

Now on behalf of the Humanity School of Zhejiang University, I would like to extend our sincere thanks to the leaders in Suichang County and Stratford-upon-Avon government for their great efforts in making the cultural communication activities possible. We still give our heartfelt thanks to the experts from Asian and African School in London University, Stratfordupon-Avon College of Letters, Fund of Shakespeare Birthplace and Research Association of Shakespeare Birthplace.

We have good reasons to believe that with our collective efforts, the research achievement on Tang Xianzu and Shakespeare will be more fruitful; the communication activities between Suichang and Stratford-upon-Avon will be more frequent, and the excellent cultures of China and Great Britain will be spread more successfully.

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