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甲状腺激素抵抗综合征

时间:2023-04-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:甲状腺激素抵抗综合征属受体缺陷性疾病。2.选择性外周组织对甲状腺激素抵抗综合征 仅外周组织受累,而垂体对甲状腺激素反应正常,血甲状腺激素及TSH正常但伴临床甲减。对有甲状腺轻度肿大,甲状腺素水平增高,临床甲状腺功能正常或反之有甲减表现者均应疑及本病。当然,甲状腺激素抵抗综合征最可靠的诊断方法是采用分子生物学技术,从分子水平上检查证实甲状腺激素受体及其基因结构的缺陷。对PerRTH应补充甲状腺激素以缓解甲减症状。

甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone,SRTH)属受体缺陷性疾病。以家族性发病者居多,散发病例约占1/3。发病年龄大都在儿童和青年,年龄最小者为新生儿。男女两性均可罹患。本病的确切病因尚未完全明了,目前认为可能是T3受体(TRs)基因表达的多方面失调所致。

由于本病起病年龄不同,靶器官不反应程度各异,其临床表现有极大差别。多数文献将本病分为三类。

1.全身性甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(generalized resistance to thyroid hormone,GRTH) 垂体和周围组织皆受累,依病情分为甲状腺功能正常型(代偿型)和甲状腺功能减退型(甲减型)。前者因垂体和周围组织对甲状腺激素不敏感程度较轻,甲状腺功能被高浓度的T3及T4代偿而维持正常的状态。后者的临床特征则为甲状腺激素显著性增高伴有甲减症状。

2.选择性外周组织对甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(selective peripheral resistance to thyroid hormone,PerRTH) 仅外周组织受累,而垂体对甲状腺激素反应正常,血甲状腺激素及TSH正常但伴临床甲减。

3.选择性垂体对甲状腺激素抵抗综合征(selective piturtary resistance to thyroid hormone,PRTH)

垂体受累,外周组织对甲状腺激素反应正常。临床表现为明显的甲亢伴血中TSH浓度增高,但无垂体TSH肿瘤的证据。根据TSH对TRH及T3与T4反应性不同分为自主型和部分型。

【诊断与鉴别诊断】 本病临床差异较大,表现复杂多样,因此诊断常较困难。对有甲状腺轻度肿大,甲状腺素水平增高,临床甲状腺功能正常或反之有甲减表现者均应疑及本病。如T3及T4浓度增高,而TSH浓度正常或升高者,说明T3及T4对TSH分泌的负反馈作用减弱或消失,此类病人需进行TRH兴奋试验,以提高本病诊断率。测定血清性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)可作为靶器官对甲状腺激素敏感性的一项体外试验,因为本病SHBG是正常的,而甲亢患者的SHBG是升高的。如患者有明显家族发病倾向,甲状腺轻度肿大,T3,T4,FT3,FT4增高伴TSH水平升高,智力低下,骨骺成熟延迟,点彩状骨骼及先天性聋哑则属典型病例。SRTH须与下列疾病鉴别。

1.普通甲亢 T3,T4,FT3及FT4增高是甲亢最常见现象,但它对TSH的分泌呈明显负反馈作用,其TSH水平明显减低甚至测不到。而SRTH患者TSH水平多数明显升高。

2.垂体性甲亢 垂体性甲亢是由TSH瘤引起的,其特征是TSH分泌过多伴甲亢的临床表现。TSH瘤引起的TSH分泌是自主性的,TSH分泌既不受T3及T4反馈性调节的抑制作用,亦不受TRH兴奋作用的调节。蝶鞍分层摄影,TRH兴奋试验对两者有重要鉴别价值。

3.遗传性或获得性甲状腺结合蛋白增多症 甲状腺结合蛋白有3种,即甲状腺结合球蛋白(TBG)、甲状腺结合前白蛋白(TBPA)和白蛋白(Alb),其中以TBG最重要,它可结合70%~75%的T3和T4。遗传性TBG增高或雌激素水平增高均可引起高T3及T4现象,然而这些病人FT3及FT4浓度正常,因此不难鉴别。

当然,甲状腺激素抵抗综合征最可靠的诊断方法是采用分子生物学技术,从分子水平上检查证实甲状腺激素受体及其基因结构的缺陷。

【治疗】 成人SRTH的代谢表现很少需要特殊处理。由于对儿童的生长发育、智力的提高影响很大,因此应予以矫正,但本病治疗是十分困难的。由于临床类型不同,表现又错综复杂,因此治疗方法不一致。对于高激素血症的本身无需治疗,因为激素水平一旦下降,就可能诱发TSH分泌细胞的功能亢进。抗甲状腺药物可阻断甲状腺激素的合成,使血中甲状腺激素水平下降,TSH水平升高,但基于SRTH患者不是由于甲状腺素水平升高所引起,而是受体缺陷造成的,因此甲状腺素水平升高具有代偿意义,如用抗甲状腺药物,可使甲减症状加重,垂体TSH分泌细胞增生,使甲状腺肿大程度加重,对青少年的生长、发育的损害是不可逆的,所以多数学者不主张应用抗甲状腺药物。只有对部分靶器官不反应型者,可在严密观察下试用抗甲状腺药物。甲状腺激素的使用要根据患病的类型和病情而定,而且应视病人对甲状腺激素的反应加以调整。GRTH患者一般不需治疗,只是在少数情况下可给予外源性T4或T3,这对婴幼儿患者尤其有益,他们需要提高甲状腺激素浓度以保障智力和体力的发育,并能减弱TSH的分泌,从而使甲状腺肿大减轻。天然的甲状腺激素常常无效,一般应用左旋T4,每次2~3mg,2/d,应用T3的一种代谢产物,三碘甲腺乙酸也有效。对PRTH的患者必须进行治疗,至少应控制类似甲亢的症状。应用抗甲状腺药物或131I治疗是合理的,但其利弊关系已如上述,因此须持谨慎态度。糖皮质激素可选择性抑制TSH分泌,但长期应用易发生副作用。给予普萘洛尔40~160mg/d,有助于阻断甲状腺激素过多的外周效应,从而减轻临床症状。采用多巴胺协同剂溴隐亭2.5~7.5mg/d,有时有效。生长抑制激素(SS)可选择性抑制TSH的分泌。三碘甲腺酐酸的结构与T3相似,有对垂体TSH分泌的负反馈作用,且无高代谢的副作用,亦可应用。对PerRTH应补充甲状腺激素以缓解甲减症状。

(丁 丽)

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