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神经性厌食所致的水肿

时间:2023-04-06 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:神经性厌食是由于心理因素产生的特异性精神状态的疾病,特点为消瘦乃至恶病质,约75%发生于青春期女性,故又称青春期饥饿性闭经。部分病人可伴有水肿,约20%。本病死亡率约为7%。在本病呈现重度营养不良时,会引起低蛋白血症,肝功能障碍,因此可导致水肿的出现。2.甲状腺功能减退症 有水肿、低体温、缓脉、基础代谢率低及血清T3及T4水平下降等,需与神经性厌食鉴别。

神经性厌食(anorexia neevosa)是由于心理因素产生的特异性精神状态的疾病,特点为消瘦乃至恶病质,约75%发生于青春期女性,故又称青春期饥饿性闭经。部分病人可伴有水肿,约20%。本病死亡率约为7%。

【发病机制】 由于病人严重的情绪紊乱,明显的食欲缺乏而出现显著的消瘦,一般体重可减轻标准体重的20%~25%以上,甚至呈恶病质状态。在本病呈现重度营养不良时,会引起低蛋白血症,肝功能障碍,因此可导致水肿的出现。

【临床表现】 本病水肿主要见于下肢,为凹陷性水肿。除此之外可同时伴有低体温、低血压、缓脉、皮肤干燥、乳房萎缩、阴毛脱落、便秘等,但一般无头发或腋毛脱落。虽有继发性闭经,但其他性征仍保留。

【辅助检查】 一般实验室检查可有贫血、白细胞减少、低蛋白血症、血尿素氮升高、胆固醇升高、低血钾等,严重营养不良时可出现GOT,GPT,LDH等酶值升高。内分泌检查可发现基础代谢率降低,阴道涂片细胞萎缩,低血糖,葡萄糖耐量试验异常,尿17-KS,17-OHCS降低,血浆皮质醇分泌可无昼夜差异,甲状腺功能正常,但血清T3水平降低,T4水平正常或降低,rT3水平升高,提示外周组织中T4向T3转化受阻。血PRL水平正常,GH基础值升高,TRH试验反应异常。LHRH兴奋试验、精氨酸负荷试验、胰岛素负荷试验反应低下或呈延迟反应,提示为下丘脑-垂体系统功能障碍所致。脑电图表现基础波呈低波幅,慢活动波增加。头颅CT可发现有脑萎缩、脑沟扩大等,且与短时间内体重下降情况呈正比。

【诊断】 精神因素常为本病的发病基础,年轻女性有明显的消瘦、闭经或水肿等,且不存在其他器质性疾病,结合上述一般实验室检查及内分泌检查、脑电图、影像学检查等可以确诊本病。

【鉴别诊断】 本病需与垂体前叶功能减退症、甲状腺功能减退以及其他器质性疾病如消化系统疾病、甲状腺功能亢进症、糖尿病、结核、脑肿瘤以及精神分裂症、抑郁症、单纯性心理反应等相鉴别。

1.垂体前叶功能减退症 虽有食欲较差,但远不如神经性厌食严重,水肿的程度可比后者明显些,且伴有眉毛、腋毛、阴毛脱落及性功能减退,血中多种激素水平下降;而不似神经性厌食者只有促性腺激素缺乏。

2.甲状腺功能减退症 有水肿、低体温、缓脉、基础代谢率低及血清T3及T4水平下降等,需与神经性厌食鉴别。但前者水肿比较严重,且以非凹陷水肿为主,原发性甲减时TSH水平升高。

(裴海成 朴莲善 张 军)

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