首页 理论教育 心房颤动射频消融威尼斯国际共识要点

心房颤动射频消融威尼斯国际共识要点

时间:2023-04-11 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:在2007年的威尼斯国际心律失常会议上,全球范围的心房颤动射频消融专家制定并通过了心房颤动射频消融治疗的国际共识。但无论如何,心房颤动的发生需要触发条件,心房颤动的维持需要相应的基质维持。目前,心房颤动的射频消融发展了若干操作技术,阵发性和持续性心房颤动成功率相似。不同心房颤动消融技术的焦点都在于消除心房颤动触发和维持的机制。消融终点是心房颤动终止直接转为窦律。

在2007年的威尼斯国际心律失常会议上,全球范围的心房颤动射频消融专家制定并通过了心房颤动射频消融治疗的国际共识。

一、机制

目前,认为肺静脉和左心房后壁在心房颤动的触发和维持方面起着关键作用,肺静脉电隔离是射频消融治疗的基础。

心房颤动发病机制包括局灶激动和折返理论,二者一直没有能够整合。但无论如何,心房颤动的发生需要触发条件,心房颤动的维持需要相应的基质维持。①触发和基质:肺静脉的异位兴奋点触发心房颤动是关注的焦点,而在上腔静脉、Marshall静脉、冠状窦肌肉组织、左房后壁也有触发心房颤动的异位搏动。心房颤动的维持又必须有足够的折返环路,左心房-肺静脉连接和左心房后壁最为重要。②迷走神经刺激缩短有效不应期:异丙肾上腺素增加自律性可诱导触发基质,表明交感和副交感神经紧张均参与心房颤动的触发和维持。③结构重塑和电重塑:在宏观水平,心房颤动导致心房扩张,增加顺应性,减少收缩;在微观水平,心房颤动后心肌细胞结构发生改变,包括心房细胞增大、糖原积聚、心肌细胞溶解、联接蛋白表达改变、线粒体形状的改变、肌质网碎裂,而这些改变在心房各个部位并不是一致的,它们可以通过进一步电成分的异质性导致心房电不稳定。

二、心房颤动射频消融的技术

目前,心房颤动的射频消融发展了若干操作技术,阵发性和持续性心房颤动成功率相似。不同心房颤动消融技术的焦点都在于消除心房颤动触发和维持的机制。各种消融技术对心房损伤是类似的。

1.肺静脉隔离 节段性肺静脉隔离是在肺静脉内或在肺静脉-心房出口消融。

2.环肺静脉消融 采用三维电解剖标测(3-D electroanatomical mapping)完成。最初由Pappone开始应用,目前已在全球范围推广,病例数超过10 000例。该方法最初消融范围限定于肺静脉口外0.5cm的环肺静脉消融,随后又修改为肺静脉口外1~2cm进行环肺静脉消融,并增加了连接肺静脉的左心房后壁和二尖瓣峡部消融线以及诱发迷走反射的消融点,目的是加强对基质的消融以减少快速房性心律失常的发生。

3.环/心房肺静脉隔离 环/心房肺静脉隔离是通过选择性肺静脉造影,或用计算机标测磁导航技术(如:Carto、NavX,包括与CT或MRI融合)、心脏内超声(intracardiac echocardiography,ICE)明确心房-肺静脉解剖并指导导管消融,已表现出其独特的优势。

三、以电记录图为基础的消融或碎裂电位(complex fractionated atrial electrograms,CFAEs)

消融

消融CFAEs可以有效治疗心房颤动,CFAEs定义为:①由≥2相和(或)持续长的低电压单相波群组成;②表现为局部心内电图的周长很短(<120ms),有或无多重电位。

四、线性消融

线性消融在过去指消融中使心房颤动直接转复为窦律或房速的消融过程,现认为线性消融是对心房颤动消融的深度基质修饰。心房颤动消融恢复窦律过程中出现大折返房速是必然的,常发生于消融或随访过程中,故需较长的线性消融治疗。

五、自主神经节(丛)消融

心房颤动特别是在阵发性心房颤动消融中,消融自主神经节(丛)有效。左心房自主神经节(丛)的定位通过左心房的标测导管进行高频刺激(周长50ms,电压12V,脉宽1~10ms)确定,通常位于心房颤动时的CFAEs区域,主要的左房神经节(丛)有4个。

六、序列消融策略

指在长期持续性心房颤动的消融中,在心房不同区域进行顺序消融的阶梯(stepwise)或裁剪式(tailored approach)消融策略。消融终点是心房颤动终止直接转为窦律。

七、未来策略

目前,新的消融技术(包括新的消融能量:冷冻、高频超声、激光等)正在研究中。目前已经发展了环肺静脉左心房水平的气囊基础上的消融系统(balloon-based ablation systems),但临床研究结果有限。应用支持融合影像图像(MRI或CT)的软件以进一步改善消融中的解剖定位标测。此外,以ICE为基础的通过实时标测导管影像系统进行三维心房结构重建也在研究之中。

参考文献

1 Fuster V,Ryden LE,Asinger RW,et al.American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines;European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences(Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation);North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation:Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences(Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation)Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.Circulation.2001,104:2118-2150

2 Fuster V,Ryden LE,Cannom DS,et al.American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines;European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines;European Heart Rhythm Association;Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines(Writing Committee to Revise the 2001Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation):developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.Circulation,2006,114:e257-e354

3 陈 新,张 澍,胡大一,等.心房颤动:目前认识和治疗建议.中华心律失常学杂志,2001,5:69-94

4 Levy S,Breithardt G,Campbell RWF,et al.Atrial fibrillation:current knowledge and recommendationsfor management.Euro Heart J,1998,19:1294-1320

5 Flegel KM.From delirium cordis to atrial fibrillation:historical development of a disease concept.Ann Int Med,1995,122:867-873

6 Gallagher MM,Camm J.Classification of atrial fibrillation.Am J Cardiol,1998,82:18N-28N

7 Joglar JA,Kowal RC.Electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.Cardiol Clin,2004,22:101-111

8 Boriani G,Diemberger I,Biffi M,et al.Pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation:current management and treatment options.Drugs,2004,64:2741-2762

9 Szekely P.Systemic embolism and anticoagulant prophylaxisin rheumatic heart disease.BMJ,1964,1:209-2124

10 Botto GL,Politi A,Bonini W,et al.External cardio-version of atrial fibrillation:role of paddle position on technical efficacy and energy requirements.Heart,1999,82:726-730,799

11 Lundstrom T,Ryden L.Chronic atrialfibrillation.Long-term results of direct current conversion.Acta Med Scand,1988,223:53-59,101

12 Bjerkelund CJ,Orning OM.The efficacy of anticoagulant therapy inpreventing embolism related to D.C.electrical conversion of atrialfibrillation.Am J Cardiol,1969,23:208-216

13 Alboni P,Botto GL,Baldi N,et al.Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the“pill-in-the-pocket”approach.N Engl J Med,2004,351:2384-2391

14 Gallagher JJ,Svenson RH,Kasell JH,et al.Catheter tech-nique for closed-chest ablation of the atrioventricular con-duction system.N Engl J Med,1982,306:194-200

15 Scheinman MM,Morady F,Hess DS,et al.Catheter-induced ablation of the atrioventricular junction to controlrefractory supraventricular arrhythmias.JAMA,1982,248:851-5513

16 Evans GT,Scheinman MM,Zipes DP,et al.The percutaneous cardiac mapping and ablation registry:summary of results.PACE,1987,10:1395-1400

17 Evans GT,Scheinman MM,Bardy G,et al.Predictors of in hospital mortality after DC catheterablation of atrioventricular junction:results of a prospective,international,multicenter study.Circulation,1991,84:1924-1937

18 Huang SK,Bharati S,Graham AR,et al.Closed-chest catheter desiccation of the atrioventricular junction using radiofrequency energy-a new method of catheterablation.J Am Coll Cardiol,1987,9:349-358

19 Morady F,Calkins H,Langberg JJ,et al.A prospective randomized comparison of direct current and radiofre-quency ablation of the atrioventricular junction.J Am Coll Cardiol,1993,21:102-109

20 Olgin JE,Scheinman MM.Comparison of high energydirect current and radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction.J Am Coll Cardiol,1993,21:557-6421

21 Huang SKS,Wagshal A,Mittleman RS,et al.Sudden cardiac death after complete radiofrequency catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction—a multicenter prospective study.Circulation,1994,90(Suppl):1-33522

22 De Lima G,Talajic M,Dubuc M,et al.Malignant ventricular arrhythmias after atrioventricular nodal ablation:a long term follow-up study.Circulation,1996,94(Suppl):1-682

23 Williamson BD,Man KC,Daoud E,et al.Radio frequency catheter modification of atrioventricular conduction to control the ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation.N Engl J Med,1994,331:910-1731

24 Feld G,Fleck P,Fujimura O,et al.Control of rapid ventricular response by radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node in patients with medically refractory atrial fibrillation.Circulation,1994,90:2299-2307

25 Della Bella P,Carbucicchio C,Tondo C,et al.Modulation of atrioventricular conduction by ablation of the slow′atrioventricular node pathway in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation or flutter.J Am Coll Cardiol,1995,25:39-46

26 Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.Risk factors for thromboembolism during aspirin therapy in patients with atrial fibril-lation:the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Defibrillation Study.J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,1995,5:147-157,173

27 Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke during treatment with aspirin:Stroke Preventionin Atrial FibrillationⅢStudy.The SPAFⅢWriting Committee for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.JAMA,1998,279:1273-1277

28 Laupacis A,Albers G,Dalen J,et al.Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.Chest,1998,114:579S-589S

29 Pearce LA,Hart RG,Halperin JL.Assessment of three schemes forstratifying stroke risk in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.Am J Med,2000,109:45-51

免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。

我要反馈