一、肺动脉血栓清除术
早在1908年,Trendenburg就提出肺动脉血栓清除术(pulmonary thromboemlectomy)治疗急性肺血栓栓塞(PTE),观察到至少50%的致命性的PTE可以存活15min,因此,设计的手术方案是急诊开胸后,阻断主、肺动脉同时切开肺动脉取栓。但完成此项手术的必要条件是及时准确的临床诊断及具备随时可以开展手术的人员与设备。动物实验证实了手术的可行性,但3例适合手术的患者均在术前死亡。首例手术直到1924年才由Trendenburg的学生Kirschner成功完成。体外循环及肺动脉造影的临床应用,促进了肺动脉血栓清除术的开展。1961年,Cooley首次在体外循环辅助下完成肺动脉血栓清除术。1985年,Delcampo回顾了651例肺血栓切除术,总死亡率为42%。肺动脉血栓切除术从第一次应用至今已近百年,疗效仍不确定,病死率高,仅经积极的保守治疗无效的大面积PTE伴休克的患者才被考虑。
二、PTE的介入治疗
1969年,Greenfield等应用狗急性大面积PTE模型,首次报道了用负压抽吸除栓导管取出肺动脉内血栓,并于1971年将此项技术成功地用于2例急性大面积PTE患者,术后症状迅速改善。20世纪90年代前,导管介入取栓的方法主要是沿用Greenfield的技术,利于真空导管产生的负压将血栓吸出;进入20世纪90年代后,随着导管技术的进步,取栓方法趋向多样化,用于PTE的导管有水解取栓导管(hydrodynamic thrombectomy catheter)、Oasis导管(Oasis catheter)、流解取栓导管(rheolytic thrombectomy catheters,AngioJet)等。至今尚无大样本的随机对照试验来比较各种碎栓和除栓导管的优劣。目前较为公认的介入治疗适应证为大面积PTE并存在溶栓和抗凝治疗禁忌,或经溶栓和积极内科治疗无效,或缺乏手术条件等。为防止溶栓治疗中血栓继续脱落,可事先放置下腔静脉滤器,再行操作。关于介入治疗的临床价值和远期疗效目前尚存在争议。
三、下肢静脉结扎与腔静脉滤器
1934年,Homans等第一次以静脉结扎来防止DVT脱落发展为PTE。当时没有肝素和口服抗凝药,更无腔静脉滤器,静脉结扎成为唯一预防PTE的方法,而双侧股静脉结扎是主要的治疗方法。1944年,Homans提出如果不能确定栓子来源,可以行下腔静脉(IVC)结扎。当肝素和口服抗凝药出现后,静脉结扎的使用率明显降低。
1969年,Mobin-Uddin等报道了局麻下经静脉放置IVC伞状滤器预防PTE。1973年,Greenfield等介绍了一种经静脉IVC滤器,并基本取代静脉结扎成为预防PTE的手段。IVC滤器的公认应用指征是活动性出血,或有抗凝治疗的严格禁忌、复发性PTE、CTEPH等。1998年,PREPIC(Prevention du Risque d’Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Care)研究组首次报道了腔静脉滤器与单独抗凝疗效的随机比较研究,近期PE发生率腔静脉滤器组显著低于单独抗凝组(1.1%vs 4.8%),但随访2年PE发生率两组间无显著差异(3.4%vs 6.3%),并发现腔静脉滤器安置并未降低PTE患者的短期死亡率、严重出血等并发症。随访8年,PE发生率腔静脉滤器组显著低于无滤器组(6.2%vs 15.1%),但置入腔静脉滤器显著增加了深静脉栓塞的发生(35.7%vs 27.5%),对长期存活率无明显影响。因此,腔静脉滤器的临床价值尚须进一步评价。
2001年,我国《肺血栓栓塞证的诊断与治疗指南》(草案)建议腔静脉滤器适应证:①下肢近端静脉血栓,而抗凝治疗禁忌或有出血并发症;②经充分抗凝而仍反复发生PTE;③伴血流动力学变化的大面积PTE;④近端大块血栓溶栓治疗前;⑤伴有肺动脉高压的慢性反复性PTE;⑥行肺动脉血栓切除术或肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术的病例。对于上肢DVT病例还可应用上腔静脉滤器。
置入滤器后,如无禁忌证,宜长期口服华法林抗凝,定期复查有无滤器上血栓形成。
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