1.髋关节脱位的预防应该从患者住院开始就应该着手进行 了解既往的病史和手术情况,通过检查,掌握患者目前存在的畸形和问题。通过X线片了解患者关节的位置及假体的状况,必要时进行CT检查或通过螺旋CT重建股骨的状况。
2.根据患者的具体情况制定出预防和治疗髋关节脱位的具体方案 充分估计各种治疗可能遇到的困难,制定出相应的解决办法,在遇到问题时可采取有效的预防措施。
3.在手术时首先一定要将患者的体位固定确切(无论是采用侧卧位还是平卧位) 这对术中判断假体的位置非常重要。否则可因判断错误导致假体位置不良,出现髋关节脱位。
在选择手术入路时,大多采用医师自己所熟悉的入路,在观察假体位置时,不易发生错误,但在切开关节囊后应尽可能保留关节囊等软组织。对关节周围的软组织和瘢痕组织根据置入关节的需要逐步松解,按照松松看、看看松的方法逐步进行,不要过度松解,否则易出现关节不稳定。作者通常采用后外侧入路,保留后外侧关节囊,在关闭伤口时将关节囊缝合在大粗隆后缘,并同时修复外旋肌群。Osmani等认为将坚强的后外侧关节囊的修复将大大降低术后髋关节脱位的发生率。作者也发现采用后外侧入路的患者,前脱位的发生率并不低。研究发现部分原因是由于切除了前关节囊,其次是髋臼前倾角过大造成。
为了正确地放置髋臼假体,术中可以采用分步确定髋臼的角度,首先将髋臼放置在外倾35°~45°,然后再向前转动15°~25°,这样就能保证髋臼的正确位置,而不出现后倾。由于体位的变动,有时髋臼位置确定有一定的难度。作者认为观察髋臼骨性边缘与假体的关系对判断髋臼假体的位置更加可靠。一般认为在髋臼发育正常的情况下,髋臼假体放置在与髋臼前缘平行的位置较好。当假体前缘低于骨性边缘时,则假体前倾角可能大了,易出现髋关节前方不稳定。当假体突出在骨边缘外时则前倾角很小或后倾,易出现髋关节后方不稳定。利用假体与髋臼周边骨质的关系对确认假体的位置,是一种可靠的方法。要特别注意假体股骨头与髋臼间匹配关系,不要被关节的角度困惑。必要时可采用导航技术以提高假体安放位置的准确性,从而减少术后脱位的发生率。在保证髋臼假体覆盖的前提下,清除髋臼周围增生的骨赘,防止它与股骨假体发生碰撞。由于杠杆作用,将股骨头翘出髋臼窝,导致髋关节脱位。通过调整假体位置的高低,调整髋关节的张力。一般来说,无领关节对调整假体位置的高低相对较容易。如果仅仅采用增加股骨颈的长度调节髋关节股骨头与髋臼间的张力,易出现肢体不等长,且调整的范围也是有限的。而对于假体位置良好的髋关节不稳定,仅由于关节周围软组织张力较低,可采用关节限制性假体,防止髋关节脱位。此外,在假体的选择上可以采用带帽檐或超半径的髋臼增加稳定,但要注意安放的位置,位置不当会出现碰撞。Shapire等认为限制性髋臼假体可以有效地降低术后脱位的发生率。术后3个月内应注意不要过度屈髋盘腿(如坐低凳、洗盆塘等),以防止髋关节脱位。
(徐 辉 吕 明)
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