在经济活动中,合同是最为常见的文件之一。在国际贸易中,以英文撰写的合同被普遍使用。在合同的起草和翻译过程中,译者既需要具有驾驭中文法律文字的能力,而且要有驾驭英文法律文字的能力。合同翻译涉及的内容众多,本书分两课对合同翻译作有重点的介绍。本课从宏观上介绍合同翻译的基本特点以及合同的基本结构;下一课详细介绍具体条款的撰写和翻译。
法律英语的语言强调准确。合同涉及当事人的权利和义务,稍有不慎可能导致巨大的经济损失,因此,合同中的用词和句子表达都极其考究。例如:
1.关于情态动词的使用
学过英语的人对于may,shall,must,may not(或shall not)等几个情态动词应该是非常熟悉的,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。
在约定争议解决条款时,可以规定:
The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations.(双方首先应通过友好协商解决因合同而引起的或与合同有关的争议。)
Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. (如协商未果,合同中又无仲裁条款约定或争议发生后未就仲裁达成协议的,可将争议提交有管辖权的法院解决。)
第一句规定,出现争议后“应当”先行协商,因此,所以采用了“义务性”的规定,因此使用了“shall”。第二句规定,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,当事人可以选择诉讼,因此使用了“may”。
如果将本句中的may和shall的问题调换:第一句的shall换用may之后:当事人“可以”通过协商解决,这种规定就不是“义务性”的规定了;第二句中的“may”换用“shall”之后,双方的争议就必须诉讼解决,语气比较生硬。
2.时间的表达
如果将“从5月1日起到10月1日止这一期间”的译成“during the period beginning on May 1 and ending on October 1”是不准确的。因为,这段期间应包括5月1日和10月1日这两天,所以,应在翻译中补入“both dates inclusive”,将其译为:“during the period beginning on May 1 and ending on October 1, both dates inclusive”,也可译为:“from May the 1st to October the 1st inclusive”。
3.数量的表达
有时候在合同中不能明确地规定具体的数量,如果简单的使用“about”去翻译的话,就容易产生问题,因为“about”的范围不好确定。在此类条款中,可以使用通用的“溢短装条款”,如:“Quantity: 3% more or less allowed”,即“溢短装3%”。
在合同中,语言要正式,因此,在撰写合同条款时,一般要使用正式的英语词汇来替代非正式的英语词汇。例如:
1.“本合同的取消或提前终止,均不影响履行合同第10条和第11条规定的义务。”
该条可译为:The obligation(s) under Articles 10 and 11 shall neither be affected by the rescission/cancellation of the contract nor by a premature termination of the same.
在这句译文中,使用“termination”去表示“终止”,而不是使用“ending”; rescission或cancellation也是非常正式的词汇。
2.“合营公司注册资本的增加或转让,应由董事会一致通过后,并报原审批机构批准,向原登记机构办理变更登记手续。”
本句可译为:
“Any increase and assignment of the registered capital of the Joint Venture Company shall be unanimously approved by the board of directors and be submitted to the original examination and approval authority for approval. The registration procedures for changes shall be dealt with at the original registration office”.
在这句翻译中,使用“shall”表示“应”,而不是使用“have to”;使用“be unanimously approved by”表示“一致通过”,而不是“be agreed by”;使用“ be submitted to ... for approval”去表示“报……批准”,而不是使用“be reported to ... for approval”。此外,译文使用“assignment”表示转让,而不是使用“delegation”,这是因为前者的对象一般是某种“权利”,而后者的对象一般是某种“义务”。
3.“本合同应受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。”
本句可以翻译为:This contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of PRC.
在这句翻译中,使用“construe”去表示“解释”,而没有使用“explain”。
4.“董事长得根据董事会三分之一董事的提议,召集临时董事会议。”
本句可以翻译为:The chairman may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by onethird of the total number of directors.
在本句翻译中,使用“convene an interim meeting”去表示“召集临时会议”,而没有使用“hold a temporary meeting”。
5.挖掘中如发现地下电线或管道时,乙方应停止挖掘并将情况通知甲方。
本句可以翻译为:During digging, if cables or pipelines are found, Party B shall stop working and notify Party A of the same.
在本句翻译中,使用“notify”去表示“通知”,而没有使用“inform”。
其他的例子还有很多,例如:
专业术语的使用可以保证合同条款表达的准确。这些术语是在长期的贸易习惯中形成的,已经为业内人士所广泛接受和使用。
比如前述“不可抗力”的对应术语为force majeure或Act of God;专利许可中的“特许权使用费”的对应术语为“royalty”,该词也译为“版税”;“宽限期”所对应的术语是“grace”。
又如在国际贸易合同中,国际商会的国际贸易术语解释通则(Incoterms)也会被广泛使用。本书其他课文已经对此类术语介绍甚多,此处不再赘述。
需要注意的是,在实践中,为了防止当事方理解上的歧义,合同当事方往往会在合同中对一些“术语”进行专门定义。例如:
Section 1:Certain Defined Terms. As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following respective meanings:(第一条:专门用语。本协议中的下列术语意思如下:)
1. Market shall mean North America and South America.(“市场”应当指北美和南美。)
2. Effective Date shall mean the date upon which this Agreement takes effect.(“生效日”应当指本协议生效的日期。)
3. Person shall mean any natural or legal person, including a corporation, partnership trust, limited liability company or limited liability partnership.(“人”应当指任何法人或者自然人,包括公司、合伙信托、有限责任公司或者有限责任合伙。)
4. “PRC” shall mean the People's Republic of China, for the purposes of this Agreement, excluding the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of PRC, the Macau Special Administrative Region of PRC, and Taiwan.(本协议所称的“中国”是指中华人民共和国,但在本协议中仅指中国大陆,不包括中国香港特别行政区、中国澳门特别行政区与中国台湾地区。)
不同的合同具有不同的内容,一般而言,一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为五部分:标题(Title),前言(Preamble),正文(Habendum),附录(Schedule)以及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)。具体内容如下:
(1)从表达准确的角度,合同英语具有哪些特点,请举例说明。
(2)从用语正式的角度,合同英语具有哪些特点,请举例说明。
(3)一份英文合同,一般包括哪些部分?
disputes damages arbitration federal resolved litigated
In the United States, in order to obtain (1) for breach of contract or to obtain specific performance or other equitable relief, the aggrieved injured party may file a civil (non-criminal) lawsuit in state court (unless there is diversity of citizenship giving rise to (2) jurisdiction). If the contract contains a valid arbitration clause, the aggrieved party must submit an (3) claim in accordance with the procedures set forth in the clause. Many contracts provide that all disputes arising thereunder will be resolved by arbitration, rather than (4) in courts. Customer claims against securities brokers and dealers are almost always (5) by arbitration because securities dealers are required, under the terms of their membership in selfregulatory organizations such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority(formerly the NASD) or NYSE to arbitrate (6) with their customers.
A. license
B. assignment
C. tenancy
D. royalties
E. know-how
(1) it encompasses the transfer of rights held by one party to another party. The legal nature of it determines some additional rights and liabilities that accompany the act.
(2) The term is usage-based payments made by one party and another for ongoing use of an asset, sometimes an intellectual property(IP).
(3) It means possession or occupancy of lands, buildings, or other property by title, under a lease, or on payment of rent.
(4) It is practical knowledge of how to get something done and is often tacit knowledge, which means that it is difficult to transfer to another person by means of writing it down.
(5) It may be granted by a party to another party as an element of an agreement between those parties.
(1)货物售出之日后,运费的增加,将由买方负担。
(2)我们收到的货物是包装在木箱里,与包装指示不符。
(3)本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。
(4)本协定由双方代表于2010年6月2日在中国上海签字。
(1)This contract is hereby made and concluded by and between A Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and B Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on May 1st, 2011, in Beijing, China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
(2)Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the covenants herein, the parties hereto agree as follows:
(3)The present Agreement is written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally authentic.
(4)China and Japan have initialed an agreement on cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, the official New China News Agency reported today.
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(1) 其他的标题还有:Concession Agreement(特许经营协议);Consulting Agreement(咨询协议);Cooperation Agreement(合作协议);Cooperative Joint Venture Agreement(合作经营企业协议);Endorsement Agreement(形象代言协议);Exclusive Distributorship Agreement(独家经销协议);Secrecy Agreement/Agreement of Confidentiality(保密协议);Trademark License Agreement(商标特许/许可协议);Memorandum of Understanding(谅解备忘录)。
(2) “鉴于条款”的例子:!!!Whereas the Licensor possesses knowhow for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of the Time Machine;鉴于许可方拥有设计、生产、安装以及销售时间机器的专有技术;Whereas the Licensor has the right and desires to transfer the abovesigned knowhow to the Licensee;鉴于许可方有权且愿意将以上专有技术转让给被许可方;Whereas the Licensee desires to design, manufacture, sell and export the above mentioned Time Machine by using Licensor's knowhow.鉴于被许可方愿意使用许可方的专有技术进行设计、生产、销售以及出口上述时间机器。
(3) 一式几份的表达方式:
一式双份:in duplicate
一式三份:in triplicate
一式四份:in quadruplicate
一式五份:in quintuplicate
一式六份:in sixtuplicate
(4) 证明部分的另一种表达方式是:
As Witness our Hands this _____ day of _____.
Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named _____
In the Presence of _____
Signature_____
Address_____
Occupation_____
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