(46)ICRP所阐述的辐射防护的原则是正当性、辐射防护最优化和剂量限值(ICRP,1991)。但委员会没有为患者推荐剂量限值,而是推荐实施诊断参考水平来实现辐射防护最优化原则。为了实现期望的目标而获得一定质量要求的图像并将患者剂量控制在与临床需求相匹配的水平是放射医师的责任。ICRP还要求全体的正当性和个体防护的正当性(ICRP,1991)。为立法机构提供支持的专业团体应该提供全体正当性和个体正当性的指导方针,对涉及电离辐射的检查,比如CT的正当性的实施是避免不必要照射的重要途径和辐射防护的有力工具。对个体病例开展检查的正当性判断是接诊医师的责任,同时还要听取放射医师的建议,尽可能地选择满足诊断需求的其他检查方式。正当性其他方面的问题在第4.1节中涉及,在4.1节中对各自分担责任问题作了解释。本出版物的内容包括许多这类报告的回顾。不过,保持许多专业协会之间一致性并提供建议也是本报告的责任。有些参考报告来自英国皇家放射医师协会(RCR)和美国放射学院(ACR),这些报告根据临床状况,为选择某个特定检查提供了正当性的判断(ACR,2000;RCR,2003)。无论是发展中国家还是发达国家,都存在许多非正当性的照射情况。但目前尚缺乏发布的有关信息来表明有多少非正当的CT照射以及能在多大程度上通过不同措施避免这种非正当检查。专业医学协会应该与医学物理专家合作来调查这类实践,对非正当性实践应用的数量进行估算并制定相关策略以避免非正当照射。与正当性不同,辐射防护最优化已得到了足够的重视,换句话说,关于利用最优化原则所实现的剂量降低程度方面的相关资料在文献中有很多。
(47)生产厂家的责任是什么呢?设备的设计并满足国际标准和国家法规的应用要求是生产商家的责任。由于放射学团体对剂量的极大重视已经引起了生产厂家对患者剂量的关注。AJR中一篇社论引起生产厂家关注(Rogers,2001),文中指出:“设备生产厂家应该加入到确保儿童CT检查中实现尽可能低剂量的战斗中。这一般不需要对硬件做太大改动,当然,如果确实有必要,则必须进行全面改动。并且,就此而言,一般不必要改变或添加软件,也不应该购买所谓的‘儿童软件包’。技术人员或放射医师应该能够通过选择正确的曝光参数实现所期望的辐射剂量降低。即使目前他们还不能做到这点,生产厂家也应确保其可用性。”此外,生产厂家必须提供可记录剂量的一体化系统,使得剂量相关信息可与患者病历联系起来。这项动议将有助于跟踪患者累积剂量并制订重复或随访CT检查计划。生产厂家扮演着非常重要的角色,继ICRP87号报告(ICRP,2000a)和2001年AJR的一些出版物之后,人们注意到,生产厂家在不断提高对降低CT剂量问题的重视程度。尽管生产厂家通过开发自动曝光控制(automatic exposure control,AEC,详见3.3.2)技术做了一些值得称赞的工作,但在关于针对不同诊断任务确定参考图像质量方面,用户和生产厂家都还有很多的工作要做。
(48)委员会建议相关协会和生产厂家合作开发一个CT扫描中记录累积剂量的方法,尤其是儿童CT扫描。理想的情况是,该记录信息与患者病历整合在一起。剂量降低仍然是生产厂家最为优先解决的问题。
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