1.儿童及青少年血糖控制目标 控制血糖可以延缓儿童和青少年1型糖尿病并发症的发生和进展,降糖治疗中既要使患者血糖达标,又要注意治疗过程中尽量避免发生严重低血糖造成儿童认知功能障碍。有关控制目标和降糖策略的制定应根据个体化原则。具体目标血糖推荐值见表2-19。
表2-19 儿童和青少年1型糖尿病目标血糖推荐值
2.老年糖尿病患者血糖控制目标 老年人(根据我国标准为≥60岁)是糖尿病的主要患病人群。2007—2008年全国糖尿病调査报告数据显示,60岁以上老年人中糖尿病患病率为20.4%,估算约为3 538万,占总患病人数的38.1%。老年糖尿病血糖控制目标应遵循个体化的原则,选择不同的控制目标,目前倾向于根据患者年龄、伴发疾病情况,以患者HbA1c值作为衡量标准。
(1)HbA1c<7.5%:适用于预期生存期>10年、较轻并发症及伴发疾病,有一定低血糖风险,应用胰岛素促泌剂类降糖药物或以胰岛素治疗为主的2型和1型糖尿病患者。
(2)HbA1c<8.0%:适用于预期生存期>5年、中等程度并发症及伴发疾病,有低血糖风险,应用胰岛素促泌剂类降糖药物或以多次胰岛素注射治疗为主的老年糖尿病患者。
(3)HbA1c<8.5%:如有预期寿命<5年、完全丧失自我管理能力等情况,HbA1c的控制标准可放宽至<8.5%,治疗过程中尽量不出现严重高血糖(>16.7mmol/L),以避免糖尿病急性并发症和感染等情况发生。
3.妊娠糖尿病患者血糖控制目标 2001年,美国国立卫生研究院在全球范围内进行了一项多中心的前瞻性研究,即“高血糖与不良妊娠结局研究(HAPO)”。HAPO结果表明,妊娠期轻度高血糖就可以造成母儿妊娠不良结局风险增加,严格的血糖管理可显著改善母儿结局。因此近年来对于妊娠期间血糖控制要求更为严格。具体控制目标见表2-20。
表2-20 妊娠期间血糖控制目标
4.住院患者血糖控制目标 近年来,住院患者中合并糖尿病比例明显升高,对于不同病情住院患者,应制定个体化的血糖控制目标。一般情况下,糖尿病患者住院期间血糖不一定要达标;降糖治疗应尽量避免低血糖,尽量避免超重及肥胖患者体重增加;另外,不能过度放松血糖管理而增加感染和高血糖危象的风险。具体血糖控制目标如下。
(1)非手术住院患者。
1)新诊断、病程较短、无并发症和严重伴发疾病的非老年(<65岁)糖尿病患者:若降糖治疗无低血糖及体重增加等不良反应,且有医疗条件和健康需求,依从性好,采用严格标准,即空腹或者餐前血糖控制在4.4~6.0mmol/L,餐后2h血糖或任意时点血糖为6~8mmol/L。
2)低血糖高危人群:糖尿病病程>15年、有低血糖病史、有严重伴发病如肝肾功能不全或全日血糖波动大并反复出现低血糖症状的患者,住院治疗期间加强血糖监测,避免低血糖的发生,血糖控制采用宽松标准,即空腹或者餐前血糖为8~10mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点血糖为8~12mmol/L,甚至最高血糖可放宽至13.9mmol/L。
3)心脑血管疾病患者及心脑血管疾病高危人群:对已患有心脑血管疾病的患者,采用宽松目标,即空腹或者餐前血糖8~10mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点血糖水平8~12mmol/L,可放宽至13.9mmol/L。对心脑血管疾病高危人群,采用一般标准,即空腹或餐前血糖6~8mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点不能进食血糖水平8~10mmol/L。
4)其他特殊人群:①肝肾功能不全患者,空腹或餐前血糖在8~10mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点不能进食血糖水平8~12mmol/L,最高血糖可放宽至13.9mmol/L。②糖皮质激素治疗患者:采用一般标准,即空腹或餐前血糖6~8mmol/L,2hPG或不能进食时任意时点血糖水平8~10mmol/L。③老年患者,年龄≥80岁的患者,采用宽松标准,即空腹或餐前血糖8~10mmol/L,2hPG或不能进食时任意时点血糖水平8~12mmol/L,最高血糖可放宽至13.9mmol/L。④预期寿命<5年患者,如癌症、精神或智力障碍、老年独居、胃肠外营养或胃肠营养等,采用宽松标准,即空腹或餐前血糖8~10mmol/L,2hPG或不能进食时任意时点血糖水平8~12mmol/L,最高血糖可放宽至13.9mmol/L。
(2)ICU患者血糖控制目标:ICU包括外科ICU(SICU)及内科ICU(M ICU),血糖控制目标采用宽松标准,即空腹或餐前血糖8~10mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点不能进食血糖水平8~12mmol/L。
5.围手术期患者血糖控制目标
(1)择期手术:要求术前HbA1c<8.5%。术前、术中及术后血糖控制目标,采用宽松标准,即空腹或餐前血糖8~10mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点不能进食血糖水平8~12mmol/L,短时间<15mmol/L也可接受。
对非老年患者,如身体状况良好,无心脑血管疾病并发症风险,或单纯应激性高血糖,可采用一般标准,即空腹或餐前血糖6~8mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点不能进食时血糖水平8~10mmol/L。
(2)精细手术(如整形手术等):采用严格标准,即空腹或餐前血糖4.4~6.0mmol/L,2hPG或不能进食时血糖水平6~8mmol/L。
(3)器官移植手术:采用一般标准,即空腹或餐前血糖6~8mmol/L,2hPG或任意时点血糖水平8~10mmol/L。
(4)急诊手术:术中及术后血糖控制目标与相应手术类型的择期手术术中及术后控制目标相同。
(林毅)
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