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人工瓣膜心内膜炎

时间:2023-04-30 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:人工瓣膜心内膜炎是指人工瓣瓣膜置换术后发生的感染性心内膜炎,是人工瓣膜置换术后的最严重并发症,其病情往往危重,临床表现复杂,药物治疗和手术治疗均很棘手,死亡率很高。晚期人工瓣膜心内膜炎,感染多数与体内感染灶和各种手术操作相关。血培养阳性和超声心动图检查发现瓣周漏、赘生物等即可明确人工瓣膜心内膜炎的诊断。外科治疗人工瓣膜性心内膜炎的手术死亡率约为30%。

人工瓣膜心内膜炎是指人工瓣瓣膜置换术后发生的感染性心内膜炎,是人工瓣膜置换术后的最严重并发症,其病情往往危重,临床表现复杂,药物治疗和手术治疗均很棘手,死亡率很高。

【流行病学】

人工瓣膜性心内膜炎的发生率文献报道不一,术后一年的发病率在1%~3%。其中术后2个月发生概率最高,为0.7%~1.4%,术后12月以后的发病率以一个较低而稳定的速度逐年升高,每年增加0.8%~1%。二尖瓣和主动脉瓣置换术后的发病无明显差异,而两个或多个瓣膜置换术后的患者人工瓣膜性感染性心内膜炎的发病危险性高于单独主动脉瓣置换或二尖瓣置换术后患者。

【病因】

人工瓣膜心内膜炎一般分为早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎和晚期人工瓣膜心内膜炎。早期是指发生于手术后1年之内的,晚期是指术后1年以上发生的。

早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎的感染来源决定于诸多因素,包括患者的全身情况,术中消毒和无菌操作、体外循环时间、抗生素的预防应用、患者术前潜在的慢性感染灶等。术后早期许多有创侵入措施,如动脉测压管、静脉测压管、呼吸机、气管导管、主动脉球囊反搏、床旁透析管路等,都可成为感染途径,引起心内膜炎。

晚期人工瓣膜心内膜炎,感染多数与体内感染灶和各种手术操作相关。如牙科手术、泌尿生殖系统和消化系统、心血管系统的介入治疗和器械检查,以及各种小手术。滥用抗生素也是不可忽视的原因。少数毒力低的细菌在围术期可能侵入人工瓣膜,当患者免疫力低下时则出现感染症状。静脉药瘾也是感染的来源之一。

【病理生理】

人工瓣膜感染常累及人工瓣膜周围的心内膜,致瓣环糜烂、缝线脱落,引起瓣周漏和瓣周脓肿。赘生物可以脱落致栓塞,大的赘生物可以阻塞瓣口。人工生物瓣膜其病理改变与机械瓣不同,瓣周漏和瓣周脓肿少见,但瓣叶发生破坏和穿孔多见。部分患者的心内膜炎改变可以只局限于生物瓣的生物组织部分,而瓣架与瓣环可能无明显感染现象。赘生物多数发生于瓣膜的心室侧。还有一些患者血培养阴性,无赘生物,仅仅表现为严重的人工瓣缝合圈脱落。

【临床表现】

早期和晚期人工瓣膜心内膜炎的临床表现相似,所有患者均有发热,部分患者可听及瓣周漏反流性杂音,如瓣周漏较大时,患者可出现心功能不全的表现;全身栓塞现象较常见,以脑部多见,也可发生于冠状动脉、肾、脾或四肢动脉并产生相应部位的临床表现。栓塞与发热的同时存在,常提示心内膜炎的可能,少部分患者可出现皮肤瘀点、Osher结节、Janeway病灶或Roth斑。

【辅助检查】

心电图有时可显示心肌梗死和传导阻滞,发生肺梗死时,胸部X线检查可显示肺梗死阴影。血细胞数可以增加或正常,一般有贫血,血沉增快和C反应蛋白升高。血培养可以阳性,但阳性率不高。

超声心动图(经胸、经食管)在人工瓣膜心内膜炎的诊断中有非常重要的作用,可以反复多次地进行以发现人工瓣膜上的赘生物、瓣周脓肿、瓣周漏以及评价人工瓣膜的活动。

【诊断及鉴别诊断】

人工瓣膜心内膜炎的早期诊断较为困难,常与患者术后的反应或其他并发症相混淆,应根据患者的临床表现与辅助检查的结果进行综合分析。瓣膜置换术后患者如持续发热、食欲缺乏,特别是心脏增大、出现反流杂音或发生了脑卒中,均应疑为心内膜炎。心电图和胸部X线检查对诊断能提供部分的间接证据。血培养阳性和超声心动图检查发现瓣周漏、赘生物等即可明确人工瓣膜心内膜炎的诊断。

早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎应与心包积液、胸腔积液、肺炎、胸骨或纵隔感染、心包切开综合征等疾病鉴别。晚期心内膜炎则应详细询问病史,如皮肤疖肿、牙周炎、外科小手术及各种侵入性检查和治疗,结合临床表现和辅助检查结果综合分析明确诊断。

【治疗】

1.药物治疗 人工瓣膜性心内膜炎是瓣膜置换术后最严重的并发症之一,常常威胁患者生命。因此,一旦确诊或高度可疑病例应在正规采血送培养后即给予强有力的抗生素治疗。一般可按早期和晚期人工瓣膜性心内膜炎常见的病原体选用抗生素,或根据临床判断可能入侵的病原体种类选用。抗生素治疗的原则是剂量要足,即抗生素在血清中的浓度或效价应至少为1∶16;疗程要长,一般至少4~6周或以上;维持长时间高浓度才能使抗生素渗透入人工瓣膜赘生物内,达到杀菌的目的。

2.手术治疗 人工瓣膜性心内膜炎的单纯抗生素治疗的死亡率较高,为50%~60%,即使对抗生素敏感的感染,预后也欠佳,而且复发率较高。局部清创,切除感染灶及再次瓣膜置换术加有效正规的抗生素治疗,可以改善人工瓣膜性心内膜炎的临床效果。

(1)手术目的:①切除感染性组织,去除感染源;②再次瓣膜置换,恢复瓣膜功能;③纠正因感染造成的组织病变如室间隔穿孔、主动脉瘤等。

(2)手术指征与时机:人工瓣膜心内膜炎在抗生素治疗的基础上,应选择适当的时机行二次换瓣手术。随意或毫无限制地延长药物治疗时间,其造成对患者的损害可能远远超过外科治疗本身。心内膜炎最初阶段炎症病变多限于病灶局部,如果因为各种原因而拖延手术,则病变可扩展侵及瓣膜周围,此时希望手术切除感染源,恢复瓣膜功能,手术风险必然增加。因此,在患者血流动力学相对稳定和无明显手术禁忌证的情况下,二次手术应及早进行。

人工瓣膜切除及二次置换手术的指征:①应用药物治疗感染得到控制,但心功能、肾功能恶化;②瓣膜功能障碍发生严重心力衰竭;③抗生素使用正规合理,但菌血症持续存在;④在应用抗生素和抗凝血治疗的过程中,再次发生动脉栓塞;⑤出现心脏传导功能障碍或超声心动图动态检查证实瓣周漏或心内病变发展;⑥人工瓣膜严重功能障碍;⑦真菌性或耐药性病原体人工瓣膜性心内膜炎。

【并发症及预后】

再次换瓣术后死亡的主要原因是心力衰竭,其次才是感染。所以对有手术指征的患者应该重视选择合适的手术时机,如果等到明显心力衰竭时再手术,则手术风险极大,术后的死亡率也很高。术后人工瓣再感染是术后主要死亡原因之一,人工瓣膜心内膜炎术后的抗生素治疗应更加严格,一般来说,无论术中培养结果如何。或术前抗生素治疗时间长短,术后抗生素治疗都必须达到4~6周,以减少感染和复发的概率。

外科治疗人工瓣膜性心内膜炎的手术死亡率约为30%。晚期死亡率较高也是一个严重的问题。其5年生存率为54%~70%。人工瓣膜心内膜炎二次手术后约有5%的患者感染复发,甚至需多次手术,不但增加手术的复杂性,还增加手术的死亡率。晚期死亡率大多与心力衰竭或感染有关。

(石应康)

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