【流行病学】
胸膜转移瘤占胸膜肿瘤的95%,最常见的原发灶为支气管肺癌、乳腺癌,其次是胃癌、胰腺癌和原发于子宫的恶性肿瘤,少见于淋巴瘤,特别是霍奇金病、淋巴肉瘤和慢性淋巴性白血病。
【病因病理】
胸膜转移瘤的病因是其他部位肿瘤沿血行或淋巴途径达胸膜或邻近胸膜的支气管肺癌、乳腺癌、胸壁的恶性肿瘤直接侵犯胸膜或周围型肺癌增大破溃时胸腔内肿瘤播散性种植所致。胸膜转移瘤的病理改变为胸膜表面结节状转移灶,胸膜的不规则增厚,常产生大量胸腔积液。
【临床表现】
约50%的胸膜转移瘤的患者伴有恶性胸腔积液,恶性胸腔积液的产生与胸膜的淋巴引流受损、胸膜微血管的通透性增加有关。此外,瘤旁组织的渗出、肺部肿瘤造成肺叶或一侧全肺不张后引起的交感性渗出、低蛋白血症等也参与胸腔积液的形成。3种原发肿瘤转移至胸膜引起的胸腔积液最常见,约占全部恶性胸腔积液的75%,其中肺癌30%,乳腺癌25%,淋巴瘤20%。当胸腔积液较多时,患者可以出现呼吸困难、咳嗽和胸部不适,体检发现胸腔积液侧呼吸音减弱和叩诊浊音。
【辅助检查】
胸部X线检查可见胸膜增厚,胸腔积液。少量胸腔积液引起肋膈角变钝,中量胸腔积液出现典型的“弯月”形征象,大量胸腔积液可以使一侧胸腔完全不透光。胸部CT检查根据胸膜转移瘤的表现大致分4型。
Ⅰ型(胸膜增厚型),表现为胸膜呈局限不规则增厚。
Ⅱ型(结节隆起型),胸膜上出现多个基底部较宽的结节或乳头状肿物突向胸腔内。
Ⅲ型(块状浸润型),表现为大片胸膜明显增厚呈肿块样。
Ⅳ型(混合型),表现为多发结节并不规则片状胸膜增厚及肿块。
增强CT扫描可见胸膜处病灶多明显强化。胸部CT检查在胸膜转移瘤不伴胸腔积液时易于诊断,但在一侧大量恶性胸腔积液密度较高时,或胸膜转移瘤多为粟粒或小结节状时,或脏层胸膜结节可能与受到胸腔积液压迫的不张肺组织融合在一起时,胸膜转移瘤会难以显示。胸膜转移瘤引起的胸腔积液多为恶性,胸腔穿刺抽取的胸液颜色多为血性,化验可发现胸腔积液和血清蛋白含量的比值>0.5,LDH的比值>0.6,葡萄糖浓度<3.3mmol/L(或<50%血糖值),有60%~80%胸膜转移瘤的患者可由胸腔积液中查到癌细胞。
【诊断和鉴别诊断】
根据临床表现和影像学检查可以作出初步诊断。有创性检查如胸腔穿刺或经皮胸膜活检可以使80%的患者得以确诊。有时,经皮胸膜穿刺活检无法得到阳性结果,可能因为肿瘤呈片状分布,穿刺未到肿瘤区域造成。近来,经VATS活检更进一步提高了诊断的准确性,在无广泛胸膜粘连时,可以直接探查90%~100%的脏层和壁层胸膜表面,大宗病例研究显示,VATS诊断的准确率可达90%~100%。如果胸膜活检和原发肿瘤相同的组织类型,即可确诊为胸膜转移瘤。胸膜转移瘤需要同胸膜间皮瘤、结核性胸膜炎、脓胸等相鉴别。胸膜间皮瘤多呈圆形、椭圆形病灶,少数可致广泛不规则结节状胸膜增厚,常并胸腔积液,但其肺内多无原发肿块及多发转移结节灶,并多为单侧。结核性胸膜炎所致胸膜增厚呈规则带状,内缘光滑,无结节突出,强化不及转移瘤明显,胸腔积液为淡黄色。脓胸临床有畏寒、高热等症状,影像变化快,部分可出现液平面。
【治疗】
出现胸膜转移瘤,说明疾病已经处于全身播散的晚期,某些原发类型的肿瘤对化疗敏感,如小细胞肺癌、恶性淋巴瘤、睾丸癌、乳腺癌、胚胎细胞瘤等,有可能取得一定的治疗效果。对于恶性胸腔积液,以局部胸腔穿刺抽液,然后胸腔内注入抗癌药物及一些生物调节药为主,也可根据情况实施胸腔闭式引流。对于顽固性恶性胸腔积液,可采取手术方法,如壁层胸膜切除及胸膜剥脱术、全胸膜肺切除术、电视胸腔镜胸膜切除或胸膜粘连术。但患者由于肿瘤扩散已经处于临终状态,手术可能给患者增加更多的痛苦和经济负担,采取手术方法治疗胸腔积液时须慎重评估。
(付向宁 江文洋)
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