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早期食管腺癌的病理学特点

时间:2023-05-01 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:在这个定义下,病理学家需要确定存在IM。病理学家面对的另一问题是难以确定IM组织的确切位置,因为食管侧和贲门侧IM进展为腺癌的风险不同,一些研究表明,食管侧向高级别异型增生或腺癌进展的风险相比贲门侧IM显著增加。细心的形态学评价似乎是确定胃食管交界附近IM来源的最有效方式,若可见鳞状细胞,IM仅限于黏膜浅层和IM毗邻食管腺或管道的存在是食管起源的有用指标。

美国胃肠病协会(AGA)和美国胃肠病学院(ACG)最近所提出的BE的定义是正常远端食管鳞状细胞被化生性柱状上皮取代,且在其中含有肠上皮化生(IM,杯状细胞)的形态学证据。在这个定义下,病理学家需要确定存在IM。但这有时候很难确定,柱状上皮细胞可能膨胀、含有中性黏蛋白从而可能会模仿真实的杯状细胞的形态,同时,这些膨胀的细胞可能还含有一些酸性黏蛋白(这是真正的杯状细胞的特性)。因此,我们不推荐常规使用组织化学染色。明确的杯状细胞充满了淡蓝色的黏蛋白,常规苏木精和曙红染色可识别。另外,关于BE定义中是否要求存在IM在世界各地不尽相同,部分欧洲和亚洲国家或地区只要求食管柱状上皮排列,而无须确定杯状细胞的存在。

病理学家面对的另一问题是难以确定IM组织的确切位置,因为食管侧和贲门侧IM进展为腺癌的风险不同,一些研究表明,食管侧向高级别异型增生或腺癌进展的风险相比贲门侧IM显著增加。细心的形态学评价似乎是确定胃食管交界附近IM来源的最有效方式,若可见鳞状细胞,IM仅限于黏膜浅层和IM毗邻食管腺或管道的存在是食管起源的有用指标。柱状上皮分化不良时分为低级别或高级别,表现为非典型细胞核、核表浅、不规则的染色质浓缩,核质比例增加和上皮细胞未能成熟,腺体结构频繁异常,特点是萌芽、不规则形状和细胞拥挤,高级别异型增生则可展示更严重的细胞学和结构的变化。早期病变进一步浸润可穿透黏膜肌,显示为扁平或隆起的病变,但并未穿透黏膜下层。因此,内镜活检组织的钳取深度对判断早期病变的浸润深度非常重要。

尚瑞莲(济南军区总医院消化内科)薛 越(美国埃默里大学医学院病理科)蔡 强(美国埃默里大学医学院消化科)

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