第五节 肺癌的化学预防
肺癌的预防在于戒烟,从西方国家多年来大力戒烟而使肺癌的发生率趋于稳定已得到证明。化学预防的研究周期长,至少需要数以千计的志愿者,因此,在实际操作上十分困难。目前采用分子生物学指标的测定,从而加快了研究的进展以及减少了受试者人数。
可以作为检测标志物的是痰液。Prindiville等人发现,痰液中出现中度或重度间变上皮细胞,则10年内有20%患者发生肺癌。因此,一些临床实验将痰液中上皮细胞的间变发生率作为观察的终点指标。由于正常细胞向肿瘤细胞转化过程中出现某些基因的甲基化,因此,测定DNA甲基化也可作为痰液上皮细胞检查的指标,两者同时检测可以增加肺癌发生危险性评估的正确性。另一种研究指标是通过纤维支气管镜检查支气管上皮,这是一种最简易且清晰的研究指标,但反复纤维支气管镜检查造成志愿者的痛苦。纤维支气管镜检查可以发现支气管上皮细胞从间变到癌前病变以及原位癌的病理发展过程。在化学预防实验中,最好的观察可使用荧光纤维支气管镜,利用免疫组织学技术测定Ki-67基因的表达,后者与支气管上皮细胞的间变以及间变的程度有关。其他与肿瘤发生的相关因素包括COX-2、PGIS、PGES、CPLA以及EGF-R等均可作为分子标志物来进行化学预防的研究。
由于研究周期较长且研究的最终观察点不一致,因此,化学预防药物的研究目前仍较滞后,报道较多的是维生素A族的预防作用。
1.视黄醛(维甲酸)视黄醛是维生素A族的衍生物,其作用可调控正常细胞和肿瘤细胞的分化、增殖和凋亡。天然和人工合成的维甲酸包括全反、13-顺式和9-顺式维甲酸,可在细胞内很快转化为立体异构体。维甲酸受体的激活可影响细胞内基因的转录,对癌前病变细胞的逆转具有较好作用。
2.β-胡萝卜素β-胡萝卜素是维生素A族类化合物的前体。流行病学的调查资料显示,β-胡萝卜素的摄入与肺癌的发生呈负相关,是否可作为化学预防剂尚待临床的进一步研究。
3.其他主要包括N-乙酰半胱氨酸和维生素E。前者可降低谷胱甘肽水平,而后者与肺癌的发生呈负相关。有些研究发现两者合用的效果更好。
(钱 浩 沈 磊)
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