第三节 其他检查方法
一、B超检查
对小肠疾病及小肠肿瘤诊断意义不大,仅对巨大小肠外肿块或确定有无肝转移有所帮助。
二、选择性肠系膜动脉造影
选择性肠系膜动脉造影是怀疑血管畸形引起小肠出血的最佳检查手段,定位能力优越,兼具有治疗作用,但仅限于活动性出血(出血量>0.5ml/min)。肠系膜上动脉造影检查诊断小肠恶性肿瘤具有如下优点:①诊断正确高,尤其对肉瘤、腺癌和类癌常能获得阳性结果;②能确定病变的部位、范围、大小,并能显示供血动脉,为手术提供有价值的信息;③肿瘤大出血时,胃肠道造影常有困难,而此法检出率高。
对于急性大出血病例不宜做小肠造影,应首选选择性动脉造影,对活动性出血有重要的诊断价值。出血量>0.5ml/min时,可以发现造影剂在出血部位溢出,其阳性率可达40%~86%。在非活动性出血时,也可能发现血管病变,如血管发育不良、血管丰富的肿瘤等。对较小毛细血管的病变,则常难以显示。
三、动脉数字减影血管造影
动脉数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)对血管丰富的小肠肿瘤可显示血管网,勾画出肿瘤轮廓和大小,对毛细血管扩张症在活动性出血时可显示造影剂外溢,对急性消化道出血的阳性率为43%~87%。Mino等报道经DSA确诊1例空肠Dieulafoy血管畸形,表现为小血管瘤,血管壁增厚,经腹腔镜行部分空肠切除。DSA能有效确定这种病变的出血部位,但对间歇性出血者,在停止出血期间的阳性检出率甚低。有人提出在出血活动期做DSA停用止血剂,再从动脉内灌注山莨菪碱20mg,可以提高DSA检出的阳性率。
四、腹腔镜检查
小肠疾病腹腔镜检查的适应证:①小肠梗阻(肠粘连、肠套叠、小肠肿瘤、感染性疾病、炎症性肠病、肠系膜炎性疾病、小肠疝等)的病因诊断和鉴别诊断;②小肠缺血及其原因的诊断;③小肠出血部位的诊断和鉴别诊断;④肠系膜发育异常、肠系膜根部肿瘤的诊断;⑤慢性腹痛的病因诊断等。
五、放射性核素扫描
常用99Tc硫化胶体和99Tc标记红细胞进行放射性核素扫描,可显示出血量<0.05~0.1ml/min的出血,安全、无创伤。其缺点是必须有活动性出血,出血定位较难,诊断准确性约为60%。
(姜 新 张文范)
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