第十节 门脉高压性肠病
门脉高压性肠病(portal hypertensive enteropathy,PHE)系指在门脉高压的基础上发生的肠黏膜下毛细血管扩张、淤血及血流量增加,动静脉短路以及毛细血管内皮和黏膜上皮细胞超微结构的改变,其范围仅限于由门脉高压引起的以血管改变为特征的肠道改变。PHE临床表现除有门脉高压表现,如脾大、脾功能亢进、侧支循环开放、消化道出血及腹水外,肠镜检查可见肠黏膜充血、水肿、糜烂及溃疡,有些尚可见蜘蛛痣样小动脉扩张。门脉高压所致的肠黏膜病变,95%位于右半结肠和直肠、乙状结肠。
一、诊断
1.检查方法 ①内镜检查可观察到肠黏膜下静脉曲张和(或)血管扩张。黏膜活检可见毛细血管扩张、黏膜萎缩等;②其他,如内镜超声(EUS)、钡剂灌肠检查、经肝门静脉造影、放射性核素显影、CT扫描及MRI检查等有助于PHE的诊断。
2.诊断依据 ①有门脉高压症及引起门脉高压的相应原发性疾病,如肝硬化等;②有肠道黏膜下静脉曲张、血管扩张的证据。
二、治疗原则
PHE治疗原则主要是治疗引起门脉高压症。由于门脉高压症85%~90%是由肝硬化引起,所以基本上以药物治疗为主。近年来有人提出受体阻滞剂可减少因门脉高压症引起的消化道出血,并能改善肠黏膜的病变。也有人提出应用放射介入疗法可降低门脉压力。这些方法的治疗效果有待进一步的临床论证。
(郑晓风)
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